Preface by Halliday
Preface to the second edition
Acknowledgements
Symbols
Texts and facsimiles
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 English today
1.2 Studying variety across time in language
1.3 How has the English language changed
1.4 How can we learn about Old English and later changes in the
language
1.5 Changes of meaning - the semantic level
2 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS BROUGHT TO BRITAIN
2.1 Roman Britain
2.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2.3 How the English language came to Britain
3 OLD ENGLISH I
3.1 Written Old English
3.2 Dialects and political boundaries
3.3 Danish and Norwegian Vikings
3.4 Effects of Viking settlement on the English language
3.S The Norman Conquest
4 OLD ENGUSH II
4.1 The language of Old English poetry
4.2 0E prose
4.3 0E grammar
4.4 Latin loan-words in DE
4.5 ON Ioan-wordsin DE
4.6 Early French loan-words
5 FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MIDDLE ENGLISH
5.1 The evidence for linguistic change
5.2 The Norman Conquest and the English language
5.3 The earliest 12th-century Middle English text
5.4 The book called Ormulum
3.5 12th-century loan-words
6 EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 12th CENTURY
6.1 Evidence of language change from late DE to early ME in
La3amon''s Brut
6.2 The Owl & the Nightingale
7 EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 13th CENTURY
7.1
The Fox and the Wolf
7.2 The South English Legendary
7.3 Aguide for anchoresses
7.4 Lyric poems
7.5 The Bestiary
7.6 The Lay of Havelok the Dane
7.7 Early 13th-century loan-words 1200-1249
8 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TEXTS COMPARED
8.1 Cursor MundJ - a history of the world
8.2 Later 13th-centuryloan-words 1250-1299
THE 14th CENTURY- SOUTHERN AND
9 KENTISH DIALECTS
9.1 The dialect areas of Middle English
9.2 How to describe dialect differences
9.3 A South Eastern or Kentish dialect
9.4 An early South West dialect
9.5 A later 14th-century SouthWest dialect
9.6 Loan-words 1300-1319
10 THE 14th CENTURY- NORTHERN DIALECTS
10.1 A 14th-century Scots English dialect
10.2 Another Northern dialect - York
10.3 The York Plays
10.4 Northern and Midland dialects compared
10.5 Chaucer and the Northern dialect
10.6 Loan-words 1320-1339
THE 14th CENTURY- WEST MIDLANDS DIALECTS
11.1 A North-West Midlands dialect - Sir Gawayn and pe Grene Kn t
11.2 A South-West Midlands dialect - Piers Plowman
11.3 Loan-words 1340-1359
12 THE 14th CENTURY- EAST MIDLANDS AND
LONDON DIALECTS
12.1 The origins of present-day Standard English
12.2 A South-East Midlands dialect - Mondeville''sTravels
12.3 The London dialect - Thomas Usk
12.4 Loan-words 1360-1379
13 THE LONDON DIALECT-CHAUCER,
LATE 14th CENTURY
13.1 Chaucer''s prose writing
13.2 Chaucer''s verse
13.3 Editing atext
13.4 Loan-words 1380-1399
14 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH I-THE ISth CENTURY
14.1 The beginnings of a standard language
14.2 Early 15th-century East Midlands dialect - The Bake of
Margery Kempe
14.3 Later 15th-century East Midlands dialect - the Paston letters
14.4 Late 15th-century London English - William Caxton
14.5 The medieval tales of King Arthur
14.6 Late 15th-century London dialect - the Cely letters
14.7 15th-century loan-words
15 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH II-THE 16th CENTURY i
15.1 The Lisle Letters
15.2 Formal prose in the 15305
15.3 A different view on new words
15.4 John Hart''s An Orthographie
15.5 The Great Vowel Shift
15.6 Punctuation in 16th-century texts
15.7 Loan-words 1500-1549
16 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH III-THE 16th CENTURY ii
16.1 The development of the standard language
16.2 Evidence for some 16th-century varieties of English
16.3 English at the end of the 16th century
16.4 Loan-words 1550-1599
17 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH IV-THE 17th CENTURY i
17.1 Evidence for changes in pronunciation
17.2 SirThomas Browne
17.3 George Fox''s Journal
17.4 John Milton
17.5 John Evelyn''s Diary
17.6 The Royal Society and prose style
17.7 Loan-words 1600-1649
18 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH V-THE 17th CENTURY ii
18.1 John Bunyan
18.2 Spelling and pronunciation at the end of the 17th century
18.3 John Dryden
18.4 North RidingYorkshire dialect in the 1680s
18.5 Loan-words 1650-1699
19 MODERN ENGLISH-THE 18th CENTURY
19.1 Correcting, improving and ascertaining the language
19.2 Dr Johnson''s Dictionary of the English Language
19.3 The perfection of the language
19.4 ''The Genius of the Language''
19.5 Bishop Lowth''s Grammar
19.6 ''The depraved language of the common People''
19.7 ''Propriety & perspicuity of language''
19.8 Language and social class
19.9 William Cobbett and the politics of language
19.10 18th-century loan-words
20 FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MODERN ENGLISH-
COMPARING HISTORICAL TEXTS
20.1 CommentaryonText 173
20.2 ''Your accent gives you away!''
21 POSTSCRIPT I - TO THE PRESENT DAY
21.1 Some developments in the standard language since the 18th century
21.2 The continuity of prescriptive judgements on language use
21.3 The grammar of spoken English today
21.4 19th- and 20th-centuryloan-words
22 POSTSCRIPT II - ENGLISH SPELLING TODAY:
A SUMMARY
22.1 The Roman alphabet and English spelling
22.2 The contrastive sounds of English
22.3 The spelling of vowels in English
22.4 The spelling of consonants in English
23 POSTSCRIPT III -THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESENT-DAY
ENGLISH SPELLING: A SUMMARY
23.1 Old English
23.2 After 1066 - Middle English
23.3 Early Modern English
23.4 Correct spelling today
Bibliography
Index
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