Part l The Contemporary lnternet 3
Chapter 1 Evolution of the Internet 5
Origins and Recent History of the Internet 5
Network Access Points l0
Routing Aibiter PrOject l4
The Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service l8
Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET 21
NSF Solicits NIS Managers 22
Other Internet Registries 25
hiternet Routing Registries 27
The Once and Future Internet 28
Looking Ahead 32
Frequently Asked Questions 34
References 35
Chapter 2 ISP Services and Characteristics 37
ISP Services 37
ISP Service Pricing, Service-Level Agreements, and Technical Characteristics 42
Looking Ahead 53
Frequently Asked Questions 54
Chapter 3 IP Addressing and AlIocation Techniques 57
History of Internet Addressing 57
IP Address Space Depletion 65
Looking Ahead 86
Frequently Asked Questions 87
References 89
Part II Routing ProtocoI Basics 91
Chapter 4 lnterdomain Routing Basics 93
Overview of Routers and Routing 93
Routing Protocol Concepts 96
Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems l0l
Looking Ahead l07
Frequently Asked Questions l08
References l09
Chapter 5 Border Gateway ProtocoI Version 4 111
How BGP Works l12
BGP Capabilities Negotiation l27
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP 128
TCP MD5 Signature Option l29
Looking Ahead 131
Frequently Asked Questions l32
References l33
Part lII Effective Internet Routing Designs 135
Chapter 6 Chapter Tuning BGP Capabilities 137
Building Peer Sessions l37
Sources of Routing Updates l44
OverIapping Protocols: Backdoors l50
The Routing Process Simplified 152
Controlling BGP Routes l59
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation 180
BGP-4 Aggregation I92
Looking Ahead l97
Frequently Asked Questions l99
References 20l
Chapter 7 Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing 203
Redundancy 203
Symmetry 2l0
Load Balancing 2l0
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmtry, and Load Balancing 212
Looldng Ahead 236
Frequently Asked Questions 237
References 239
Chapter 8 ControlIing Routing lnside the Autonomous System 241
Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers 24l
BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults 244
Policy Routing 252
Looking Ahead 257
Frequently Asked Questions 258
Chapter 9 Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems 261
Route Reflectors 26l
Confederations 27l
Controlling IGP Expansion 275
Looking Ahead 283
Frequently Asked Questions 284
References 285
Chapter 10 Designing Stable Internets 287
Route Instabilihes on the Internet 287
BGP Stability Features 290
Looking Ahead 296
Frequently Asked Questions 297
Part IV lnternet Routing Device Configuration 299
Chapter 11 Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes 301
Building Peering Sessions 301
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation 308
Peer Groups 3l6
Sources of Routing Updates 3l8
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors 326
BGP Attributes 328
BGP-4 Aggregation 342
Looking Ahead 36l
Chapter 12 Configuring Effective Internet Routing PoIicies 365
Redundancy, Symmeny, and Load Balancing 365
Following Defaults Inside an AS 395
Policy Routing 4l l
Route Reflectors 4l5
Confederations 4l9
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation 424
BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability 43l
Route Dampening 432
Looking Ahead 435
Part V Appendixes 439
Appendix A BGP Command Reference 441
Appendlx B References for Further Study 449
Interesting Organizations 449
Research and Education M9
Miscellaneous M9
Books 450
Internet Request For Conmmnts 450
AppendIx C BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF) 455
When to Use BGP ORF 455
Configuration 456
EXEC Commands 457
Closing Remarks 458
Appendix D MuItiprotocoI BGP (MBGP) 461
The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface 461
Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration 462
activate 464
network 465
Peer Groups 465
Route Maps 466
Redistribution 468
Route Reflector 469
Aggregation 469
List of BGP Commands 470
Upgrading to the AF Style 472
References 473
lndex 475
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