Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Literature review
1.2.1 Intonationalphonology
1.2.2 Prosodic phonology
1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping
1.2.2.2 Prosodic domair
1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure
1.2.3 Focus
1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles
1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach
1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach
1.3 Significance oftheresearch
1.4 Basic concepts in this study
1.4.1 Definition of focus
1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent
1.4.3 Relative prominence
1.50utlineofthisresearch
Chapter Two Methodology I
2.1 Background and claims
2.2 Design of acoustic experiment
2.2.1 Materials selection
2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence
2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure
2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure
2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure
2.2.3 Focus identification
2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure
2.2.3.2 Focus conditior in the lian...dou structure
2.2.3.3 Focus conditior in the shi...de structure
2.3 Recording procedure
2.4 Data processing
2.4.1 Data annotation
2.4.2 Data extraction
2.5 Measurement of parameter
2.5.1 Measurement of Fo
2.5.2 Measurement of Duration
2.6 Perceptual experiment
2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment
2.6.2 Stimuli selection
2.6.3 Procedure
Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterr in Unmarked Structure
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phonetic realization of cortituents in four information categories in unmarked structure
3.2.1 F0 contour oftonel utterances in four information categories
3.2.1.1 Overall Fo contour
3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis
3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories
3.2.2.1 Overall Fo contour
3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis
3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories
3.2.3.1 Overall Fo contour
3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis
3.2.4 Durational patterr of cortituents in four information categories
3.2.4.1 Duration of subject cortituents
3.2.4.2 Duration of object cortituents
3.2.5 Summary
3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses
3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses
3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses
3.3.3 Duration patterr of wordsin double rheme focuses
3.3.3.1 Duration patterr of subject cortituents
3.3.3.2 Duration patterr of object cortituents
3.3.4 Summary
3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses
3.4.1 F0 patterr ofrheme focus on "；S+Ad+O"； and "；S+V+O"；
3.4.2 F0 pattems ofrheme focus on "；Ad+V+O"；and"；S+Ad+V"；
3.4.3 Summary
3.5 Accent andphrasing
3.5.1 Duration of pauses
3.5.2 Lengthening
3.5.3 Prosodic labeling
3.6 Discussion
Chapter Four Accent Patterr in ‘lian...dou’ and ‘shi...de’Cortructior
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus
and information induced focus in ‘lian+S+dou+V+O+Le’and ‘Shi+S+V+O+De’ cortructior I
4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus
4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus
4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus
4.2.1.3 Summary
4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the theme focus on the same cortituent
4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus
4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus
4.2.2.3 Summary
4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different cortituents
4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses
4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses
4.2.3.3 Summary
4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus
4.2.4.1 Overall Fo patterr
4.2.4.2 Duration patterr
4.2.4.3 Summary
4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the ‘lian+S+dou+V+O+Le’ cortruction
4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses
4.2.5.2 Lengthening
4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling
4.2.5.4 Summary
4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and induced focus in ‘S+l~V+le’ cortructior
4.3.1 Fo contour of rhematic focus cortituent after lian-marked focus
4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus cortituent before lian-marked focus
4.3.3 Fo contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence
4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditior
4.3.4.1 Duration patterr of subject cortituents
4.3.4.2 Duration patterr of object cortituents
4.3.5 Summary
4.4 Discussion
Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterr in SC
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phonological structure of intonation
5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure
5.2.1.1 Basic assumptior of IPO
5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization
5.2.2 Pierrehumbert‘s model of tonal structure
5.2.2.1 The original model
5.2.2.2 Pitch accents
5.2.2.3 Phrase accents
5.2.2.4 Boundary tones
5.2.2.5 Framework
5.2.2.6 Modificatior to the original framework
5.2.3 ToBI labeling system
5.2.3.1 Tier inToBI
5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI
5.2.4 IViE labeling system
5.2.4.1 Tier inlViE
5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE
5.2.5 Ladd’s notation of tonal structure
5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents
5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents
5.2.6 Gussenhoven‘s representation of tonalstructure
5.2.6.1 Nuclear contour and boundary tones
5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents
5.2.6.3 Orets
5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar
5.3 Intonation structure of SC
5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone
5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC
5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events
5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents
5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents
5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents
5.3.4.1 Focus without accents
5.3.4.2 Accents without focus
5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution
5.4 Discussion
Chapter Six OTAnalysis of Tonal Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Grammatical model of OT
6.3 Cortraints in the analysis
6.3.1 Markedness cortraints
6.3.2 Faithfulness cortraints
6.3.3 Association cortraints
6.3.4 Alignment cortraints
6.4 OT analysis of accent patterr
6.4.1 GenerationofH* tone
6.4.2 Generation of L* tone
6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone
6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone
6.5 OT analysis of accent distributior
6.5.1 Accent on subject position
6.5.2 Accent on object position
6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positior
6.6 OT analysisofprosodicphrasing
6.7 Discussion Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks
7.1 Major findings
7.2 The cross-linguisticperpective
7.3 Suggestior for future research
Bibliography
Appendix Sample Sentences
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