Fundamental Principles of Nuclear Engineering（核工程基本原理）

1Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics
 
1.1Calculus
 
1.1.1Differential and Derivative
 
1.1.2Integral
 
1.1.3Laplace Operator
 
1.2Units
 
1.2.1Unit Systems
 
1.2.2Conversion of Units
 
1.2.3Graphics of Physical Quantity
 
Exercises
 
2Thermodynamics
 
2.1Thermodynamic Properties
 
2.2Energy
 
2.2.1Heat and Work
 
2.2.2Energy and Power
 
2.3System and Process
 
2.4Phase Change
 
2.5Property Diagrams
 
2.5.1PressureTemperature (pT) Diagram
 
2.5.2PressureSpecific Volume (pv) Diagram
 
2.5.3PressureEnthalpy (ph) Diagram
 
2.5.4EnthalpyTemperature (hT) Diagram
 
2.5.5TemperatureEntropy (Ts) Diagram
 
2.5.6EnthalpyEntropy (hs)Diagram or Mollier Diagram
 
2.6The First Law of Thermodynamics
 
2.6.1Rankine Cycle
 
2.6.2Utilization of the First Law of Thermodynamics in
Nuclear Power Plant
 
2.7The Second Law of Thermodynamics
 
2.7.1Entropy
 
2.7.2Carnots Principle
 
2.8Power Plant Components
 
2.8.1Turbine Efficiency
 
2.8.2Pump efficiency
 
2.8.3Ideal and Real Cycle
 
2.9Ideal Gas Law
 
Exercises
 
3Heat Transfer
 
3.1Heat Transfer Terminology
 
3.2Heat Conduction
 
3.2.1Fouriers Law of Conduction.
 
3.2.2Rectangular
 
3.2.3Equivalent Resistance
 
3.2.4Cylindrical
 
3.3Convective Heat Transfer
 
3.3.1Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
 
3.3.2Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
 
3.4Radiant Heat Transfer
 
3.4.1Thermal Radiation
 
3.4.2Black Body Radiation
 
3.4.3Radiation Configuration Factor
 
3.5Heat Exchangers
 
3.6Boiling Heat Transfer
 
3.6.1Flow Boiling
 
3.6.2Departure from Nucleate Boiling and Critical Heat Flux
 
3.7Heat Generation
 
3.7.1Total Power of Reactor Core
 
3.7.2Flatten of Power
 
3.7.3Hot Channel Factor
 
3.7.4Decay Heat
 
Exercises
 
4Fluid Flow
 
4.1Continuity Equation
 
4.2Laminar and Turbulent Flow
 
4.2.1Reynolds Number and Hydraulic Diameter
 
4.2.2Flow Velocity Profiles
 
4.2.3Average (Bulk) Velocity
 
4.2.4Viscosity
 
4.3Bernoullis Equation
 
4.3.1Venturi Meter
 
4.3.2Extended Bernoullis Equation
 
4.4Head Loss
 
4.4.1Frictional Loss
 
4.4.2Minor Losses
 
4.5Natural Circulation
 
4.5.1Thermal Driving Head
 
4.5.2Conditions Required for Natural Circulation
 
4.6TwoPhase Fluid Flow
 
4.6.1TwoPhase Friction Multiplier
 
4.6.2Flow Patterns
 
4.6.3Flow Instability
 
4.7Some Specific Phenomenon
 
4.7.1Pipe Whip
 
4.7.2Water Hammer and Steam Hammer
 
Exercises
 
5Electrical Science
 
5.1Basic Electrical Theory
 
5.1.1The Atom
 
5.1.2Electrostatic Force
 
5.1.3Coulombs Law of Electrostatic Charges
 
5.2Electrical Terminology
 
5.3Ohms Law
 
5.4Methods of Producing Voltage (Electricity)
 
5.4.1Electrochemistry
 
5.4.2Static Electricity
 
5.4.3Magnetic Induction
 
5.4.4Piezoelectric Effect
 
5.4.5Thermoelectricity
 
5.4.6Photoelectric Effect
 
5.4.7Thermionic Emission
 
5.5Magnetism
 
5.5.1Magnetic Flux
 
5.5.2Electromagnetism
 
5.5.3Magnetomotive Force
 
5.5.4Magnetic Field Intensity
 
5.5.5Permeability and Reluctance
 
5.5.6Magnetic Circuits
 
5.5.7BH Magnetization Curve
 
5.5.8Magnetic Induction
 
5.5.9Faradays Law of Induced Voltage
 
5.6DC Theory
 
5.6.1DC Sources
 
5.6.2Resistance and Resistivity
 
5.6.3Kirchhoffs Law
 
5.6.4Inductors
 
5.6.5Capacitor
 
5.6.6DC Generators
 
5.6.7DC Motors
 
5.7Alternating Current
 
5.7.1Development of a SineWave Output
 
5.7.2Basic AC Reactive Components
 
5.7.3AC Power
 
5.7.4ThreePhase Circuits
 
5.7.5AC Generator
 
5.7.6AC Motor
 
5.7.7Transformer
 
Exercises
 
6Instrumentation and Control
 
6.1Temperature Detect
 
6.1.1Resistance Temperature Detector
 
6.1.2Thermocouple
 
6.1.3Temperature Detection Circuitry
 
6.2Pressure Detector
 
6.2.1BellowsType Detectors
 
6.2.2Bourdon TubeType Detectors
 
6.2.3ResistanceType Transducers
 
6.3Level Detector
 
6.3.1Gauge Glass
 
6.3.2Ball Float
 
6.3.3Conductivity Probe
 
6.3.4Differential Pressure Level Detectors
 
6.4Flow Measurement
 
6.4.1Venturi Flow Meter
 
6.4.2Pitot Tube
 
6.4.3Rotameter
 
6.4.4Steam Flow Measurement
 
6.5Position Measurement
 
6.5.1Synchro Equipment
 
6.5.2Limit Switch
 
6.5.3Reed Switch
 
6.5.4Potentiometer
 
6.5.5Linear Variable Differential Transformer
 
6.6Radioactivity Measurement
 
6.6.1Radiation Type
 
6.6.2Gas Ionization Detector
 
6.6.3Proportional Counter
 
6.6.4Ionization Chamber
 
6.6.5GeigerMiller Counter
 
6.6.6Scintillation Counter
 
6.6.7Gamma Spectroscopy
 
6.6.8Miscellaneous Detectors
 
6.6.9Circuitry and Circuit Elements
 
6.6.10Detect of Neutron Flux in Reactor
 
6.6.11Nuclear Power Measurement
 
6.7Principles of Process Control
 
6.7.1Control Loop Diagrams
 
6.7.2Two Position Control Systems
 
6.7.3Proportional Control
 
6.7.4Integral Control Systems
 
6.7.5Proportional Plus Integral Control Systems
 
6.7.6Proportional Plus Derivative Control Systems
 
6.7.7ProportionalIntegralDerivative Control Systems
 
6.7.8Controllers and Valve Actuators
 
Exercises
 
7Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
 
7.1Chemical Basis
 
7.1.1The Atom Structure
 
7.1.2Chemical Elements and Molecules
 
7.1.3Avogadros Number
 
7.1.4The Periodic Table
 
7.2Chemical Bonding
 
7.2.1Ionic Bond
 
7.2.2Covalent Bonds
 
7.2.3Metallic Bonds
 
7.2.4Van der Waals Forces
 
7.2.5Hydrogen Bond
 
7.3Organic Chemistry
 
7.4Chemical Equations
 
7.4.1Le Chateliers Principle
 
7.4.2Concentrations of Solutions
 
7.4.3Chemical Equations
 
7.5Acids, Bases, Salts and pH
 
7.6Corrosion
 
7.6.1Corrosion Theory
 
7.6.2General Corrosion
 
7.6.3Crud and Galvanic Corrosion
 
7.6.4Specialized Corrosion
 
7.7Water Chemistry of Reactor
 
7.7.1Chemistry Parameters of Reactor
 
7.7.2Water Treatment
 
7.7.3Dissolved Gases and Suspended Solids
 
7.7.4Water Purity
 
7.7.5Radiation Chemistry of Water
 
7.8Extraction and Refinement of Uranium
 
7.8.1Leaching of Uranium
 
7.8.2Extraction of Uranium
 
7.8.3Refining of Uranium
 
7.9Chemical Conversion of Uranium
 
7.9.1Preparation of Uranium Dioxide
 
7.9.2Preparation of UF4
 
7.9.3Preparation of UF6
 
7.9.4Preparation of Metallic Uranium
 
Exercises
 
8Material Science
 
8.1Structure of Metal
 
8.1.1Types of Crystal
 
8.1.2Grain Structure and Boundary
 
8.1.3Polymorphism
 
8.1.4Alloy
 
8.1.5Imperfections in Metals
 
8.2Properties of Metal
 
8.2.1Stress and Strain
 
8.2.2Hookes Law
 
8.2.3Relationship between Stress and Strain
 
8.2.4Physical Properties of Material
 
8.3Heat Treatment of Metal
 
8.4Hydrogen Embrittlement and Irradiation Effect
 
8.5Thermal Stress
 
8.6Brittle Fracture
 
8.6.1Brittle Fracture Mechanism
 
8.6.2NilDuctility Transition Temperature
 
8.7Materials in Nuclear Reactor
 
8.7.1Nuclear Fuel
 
8.7.2Structure Materials
 
8.7.3Coolant
 
8.7.4Moderator
 
Exercises
 
9Mechanical Science
 
9.1Diesel Engine
 
9.1.1Major Components of a Diesel Engine
 
9.1.2Diesel Engine Support Systems
 
9.1.3Principle of Diesel Engine
 
9.2Heat Exchanger
 
9.3Pump
 
9.3.1Centrifugal Pump
 
9.3.2Positive Displacement Pump
 
9.3.3Coolant Pump for Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear
Power Plant
 
9.4Valve
 
9.4.1Valve Type
 
9.4.2Basic Structure of Valve
 
9.4.3Typical Valves
 
9.4.4Pressure Relief Valve and Safety Valve
 
9.5Miscellaneous Mechanical Components
 
9.5.1Air Compressor
 
9.5.2Hydraulic Press
 
9.5.3Evaporator
 
9.5.4Steam Generator
 
9.5.5Cooling Tower
 
9.5.6Pressurizers
 
9.5.7Diffusion Separator
 
Exercises
 
10Nuclear Physics
 
10.1Atomic Nucleus
 
10.1.1Atomic Number and Mass Number
 
10.1.2Isotope
 
10.1.3Chart of Nuclides
 
10.2Mass Defect and Binding Energy
 
10.2.1Mass Loss
 
10.2.2Binding Energy
 
10.2.3Energy Level Theory
 
10.3Radioactive Decay
 
10.3.1Discovery of Radioactive Decay
 
10.3.2Category Decay
 
10.3.3Decay Chain
 
10.3.4HalfLife
 
10.3.5Radioactivity
 
10.3.6Radioactive Equilibrium
 
10.4Neutron Interactions with Matter
 
10.4.1Scattering Process
 
10.4.2Thermal Neutron
 
10.4.3Radiative Capture Effect
 
10.4.4Particle Emission
 
10.4.5Fission
 
10.5Nuclear Fission
 
10.5.1The Liquid Drop Model of Nuclear Fission
 
10.5.2Fissile Material
 
10.5.3Specific Binding Energy
 
10.5.4The Energy Released from Nuclear Fission
 
Exercises
 
11Reactor Theory
 
11.1Neutron Source
 
11.1.1Natural Neutron Source
 
11.1.2Artificial Neutron Source
 
11.1.3PWR Neutron Source Assembly
 
11.2Nuclear Cross Section
 
11.2.1Neutron Reaction Cross Section
 
11.2.2Mean Free Path
 
11.2.3Temperature Effects Cross Section
 
11.3Neutron Flux
 
11.3.1Ficks Law
 
11.3.2Neutron Diffusion Equation
 
11.3.3SelfShielding
 
11.4Reactor Power
 
11.4.1Fission Rate
 
11.4.2Volumetric Heat Release Rate
 
11.4.3Nuclear Power of Reactor Core
 
11.5Neutron Moderation
 
11.5.1Neutron Slowing
 
11.5.2The Release of Fission Neutron
 
11.5.3Neutron Generation Time
 
11.5.4Neutron Energy Spectrum
 
11.5.5Fermi Age Model
 
11.5.6Most Probable Neutron Velocities
 
11.6Neutron Life Cycle and Critical
 
11.6.1Multiplication Factor
 
11.6.2Four Factor Formula
 
11.6.3Effective Multiplication Factor
 
11.6.4Critical Size
 
11.6.5Criticality Calculation
 
11.7Reactivity
 
11.7.1Reactivity Coefficient
 
11.7.2Temperature Reactivity Coefficient
 
11.7.3Pressure Coefficient
 
11.7.4Void Coefficient
 
11.7.5Power Coefficient
 
11.8Neutron Poisons
 
11.8.1Burnable Poisons
 
11.8.2Soluble Poisons
 
11.8.3Control Rods
 
11.8.4Xenon
 
11.8.5Samarium
 
11.9Subcritical Multiplication
 
11.9.1Subcritical Multiplication Factor
 
11.9.2Effect of Reactivity Changes on Subcritical Multiplication
 
11.9.3Use of 1/M Plots
 
11.10Reactor Kinetics
 
11.10.1Reactor Kinetics Equations
 
11.10.2In Hour Equation
 
11.10.3Reactor Period
 
11.11Nuclear Power Plant Operation
 
11.11.1Startup of Reactor
 
11.11.2Startup of Nuclear Power Plant
 
11.11.3Nuclear Power Plant Shutdown
 
11.11.4Status of Nuclear Power Plant
 
11.12Isotope Separation
 
11.12.1SWU and Value Function
 
11.12.2Diffusion Method of Isotope Separation
 
11.12.3HighSpeed Centrifugation Method
 
11.12.4Laser Method
 
11.12.5Separation Nozzle
 
11.13Nuclear Fuel Cycle
 
11.13.1Cyclic Manner
 
11.13.2Key Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
 
11.13.3Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost
 
Exercises
 
12Radiation Protection
 
12.1Radiation Quantities and Units
 
12.1.1Describe the Amount of Radiation Source and
Radiation Field
 
12.1.2Usual Quantities of Dosimetry
 
12.1.3Commonly Used Quantities in Radiation Protection
 
12.2Basic Principles and Standards of Radiation Protection
 
12.2.1The Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
 
12.2.2Radiation Protection Standards
 
12.3Radiation Protection Methods
 
12.3.1Human Radiation Effects
 
12.3.2Deterministic Effects
 
12.3.3Random Effects
 
12.4Radiation Monitoring
 
12.5Evaluation of Radiation Protection
 
12.6Radiation Emergency
 
Exercises
 
Symbol Table
 
References