SECTION I Basic Science
1 Anatomy/ 2
2 Anatomic Aberrations/ 50
3 Clinical Examination of the Knee/ 65
4 Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Knee Disorders/ 79
SECTION II Imaging of the Knee
5 Knee Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy/ 86
6 Fractures/ 111
7 Imaging of the Meniscus/ 133
8 Cruciate Ligaments/ 161
9 Imaging of Synovium and Cartilage of the Knee/ 183
10 Lateral Supporting Structures: Posterolateral Corner
11 Medial Supporting Structures: Medial Collateral
12 Imaging of the Extensor Mechanism/ 229
13 Imaging of Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 243
14 Tumors in the Knee/ 264
15 Ultrasound-Guided Procedures/ 287
SECTION III Biomechanics
16 Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Knee/ 298
17 Fluoroscopic Analysis of Total Knee Replacement/ 307
18 In Vivo Kinematics of the Patellofemoral Joint/ 312
19 Forward Solution Modeling: An In Vivo Theoretical Simulator of the Knee/ 323
20 Contact Mechanics of the Human Knee/ 329
21 In Vivo Mechanics and Vibration of the Knee Joint/ 338
22 Does Strain in the Patella Change After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Finite Element Investigation of Natural and Implanted Patellae/ 346
23 Wear Simulation of Knee Implants/ 353
24 Knee Wear/ 358
25 The Asian Knee/ 374
26 Mobile Fluoroscopy: Determination of Natural,Unrestricted Knee Motion/ 388
27 Articular Cartilage: Biology/ Biomechanics/ and Healing Response/ 393
28 Articular Cartilage Injury and Adult Osteochondritis Dissecans: Treatment Options and Decision Making/ 401
29 International Experience With Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation With Periosteum (Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation) Including Scaffold Guided Techniques and Tissue Engineered Matrix Support/ 412
30 Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation/ 427
31 Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation/ 442
32 Articular Cartilage Repair With Bioscaffolds/ 454
33 Management of Failed Cartilage Repair/ 462
34 Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee in the Young Patient/ 469
35 Secondary, Spontaneous, and Postarthroscopy Osteonecrosis of the Knee: Diagnosis and Management/ 475
36 Healing of Knee Ligaments and Menisci/ 485
37 Arthroscopic Meniscal Resection/ 503
38 Arthroscopy-Assisted Inside-Out and Outside-In Meniscus Repair/ 513
39 All-Inside Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair/ 523
40 Meniscal Allograft Transplantation/ 530
41 Synthetic Meniscal Substitutes and Collagen Scaffold for Meniscal Regeneration/ 544
42 Classifi cation of Knee Ligament Injuries/ 556
43 Sports Knee Rating Systems and Related Statistics/ 575
44 Medial Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee: Acute and Chronic/ 584
45 Fibular Collateral Ligament and the Posterolateral Corner/ 592
46 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction: Indications/ Principles/ and Outcomes/ 608
47 Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/ 623
48 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Hamstring Tendons/ 631
49 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Central Quadriceps Free Tendon Graft/ 642
50 Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/ 646
51 Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/ 658
52 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction via the Anteromedial Portal and Single-Tunnel,Double-Bundle Techniques/ 665
53 Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/ 671
54 Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/ 678
Shawn G. Anthony, Pramod B. Voleti,Riley J. Williams III
55 Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: One-Stage versus Two-Stage Technique/ 685
56 Osteotomy and the Cruciate-Defi cient Knee/ 702
57 Rehabilitation of the Surgically Reconstructed and Nonsurgical Anterior Cruciate Ligament/ 712
58 Knee Bracing for Athletic Injuries/ 724
59 Decision Making and Surgical Treatment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures/ 739
60 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Posterior Inlay Technique/ 791
61 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Transtibial Double-Bundle Technique/ 801
62 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Remnant-Preserving Technique Through the Posteromedial Portal/ 810
63 The Dislocated Knee/ 819
64 Dislocation of the Proximal Tibiofi bular Joint/ 833
65 Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint/ 843
66 Distal Realignment of the Patellofemoral Joint: Indications/ Effects/ Results/ and Recommendations/ 885
67 Surgery of the Patellofemoral Joint: Proximal Realignment/ 902
68 Repair and Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament for Treatment of Lateral PatellarDislocations:Surgical Techniques and Clinical Results/ 939
69 Sulcus-Deepening Trochleoplasty/ 954
70 Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Disruption/ 967
71 Gout and Other Crystalline Arthropathies/ 986
72 Knee Osteoarthritis/ 992
73 Overview of Psoriatic Arthritis/ 998
74 Systemic Allergic Dermatitis in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1003
75 Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee: Current Medical Management/ 1010
76 Hemophilia and Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Hemophilia and the Knee/ 1015
76B Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection and Its Relationship to Knee Disorders/ 1020
SECTION VIII Anesthesia for Knee Surgery
PART I Preoperative Evaluation
77 Basics, Preoperative Assessment/ and Medical Optimization/ 1032
78 Patients With Stents/ 1037
79 Diabetes Mellitus and the Knee/ 1040
80 Rheumatoid Arthritis/ 1046
81 Bilateral Total Knee Replacement: Indications for Sequential and Simultaneous Surgery/ 1051
PART II Perioperative Management of Inpatient Procedures
82 Monitoring During Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1056
83 Spinal or General Anesthesia? 1058
84 Revision Total Knee Arthroplasties/ 1062
85 The Pneumatic Tourniquet/ 1063
86 Cement Embolism/ 1069
87 Tranexamic Acid/ 1071
88 Blood Loss and Fluid Management/ 1078
89 Anesthesia for Knee Surgery/ 1081
90 Specifi c Considerations for Fractures and Dislocations/ 1083
PART III Preoperative Analgesia: Nerve Blocks
91 Femoral Nerve Block/ 1086
92 Adductor Canal Block/ 1091
93 Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block/ 1094
94 Psoas Compartment Block/ 1097
95 Sciatic Nerve Block/ 1101
96 Obturator Nerve Block/1106
97 Continuous Perineural Analgesia for Knee Surgery/ 1109
98 Local Anesthetic Infi ltration/ 1117
99 Epidural Analgesia/ 1123
100 Neuraxial Opioids/ 1125
101 Systemic Opioids and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/ 1127
102 Multimodal Pharmacologic Analgesia/ 1130
103 Chronic Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1134
PART IV Ambulatory Procedures
104 Knee Arthroscopy/ 1140
PART V Thromboprophylaxis
105 Thromboprophylaxis and Neuraxial Anesthesia/ 1147
SECTION IX Plastic Surgery
106 Soft Tissue Healing/ 1150
107 The Problem Wound: Coverage Options/ 1162
SECTION X Fractures About the Knee
108 Distal Femur Fractures/ 1168
109 Tibial Plateau Fractures/ 1180
110 Fractures of the Patella/ 1195
111 Treatment of Periprosthetic Fractures Around a Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1208
SECTION XI Pediatric Knee
112 Normal Knee Embryology and Development/ 1217
113 Congenital Deformities of the Knee/ 1223
114 Meniscal Disorders/ 1247
115 Osteochondritis Dissecans/ 1255
116 Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Pediatric Patients/ 1261
117 Tibial Spine Fractures/ 1273
118 Physeal Fractures About the Knee/ 1281
119 Patellar Instability/ 1289
SECTION XIIA Joint Replacement and Its Alternatives
120 Nonoperative Treatment of Knee Arthritis/ 1307
121 Osteotomies About the Knee/ 1323
122 Osteotomy for the Arthritic Knee: A European Perspective/ 1343
123 Scoring Systems and Their Validation for the Arthritic Knee/ 1362
124 Historic Development, Classifi cation,and Characteristics of Knee Prostheses/ 1375
125 Unicompartmental/ Bicompartmental, or Tricompartmental Arthritis of the Knee: Algorithm for Surgical Management/ 1405
126 Patellofemoral Arthroplasty/ 1409
127 Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A European Perspective/ 1420
128 Unicomparmental Knee Replacement With ACL Reconstruction/ 1430
129 Fixed-Bearing Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty/ 1435
130 Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Mobile Bearing/ 1446
131 Bicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty/ 1471
132 Bicondylar Knee Replacement/ 1476
133 Bicruciate Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1487
Stephen Gregorius, Christopher L. Peters
134 Bicruciate Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Alternate View/ 1493
135 European Analysis and Results of Partial Knee Replacement/ 1498
136 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Retention in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1502
137 Preserving the Posterior Cruciate Ligament/ 1509
138 Custom-Made Knee Replacements/ 1519
139 Posterior Cruciate Sacrifi cing Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1526
140 Posterior Cruciate Ligament—Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1529
141 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty: Considerations in the Middle East/ 1545
142 Mobile-Bearing Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1566
143 Cemented Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Gold Standard/ 1572
144 Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1576
145 Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1585 Oliver S. Schindler
146 Patella Resurfacing—Never/ 1630
147 Patella Resurfacing—Always/ 1637
148 Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1647
149 Surgical Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Standard and Minimally Invasive Surgery Techniques/ 1652
150 Surgical Techniques and Instrumentation in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1665
151 Gap-Balancing Techniques in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1721
152 Modern Measured Resection Technique/ 1727
153 Is the Understanding of Gap Balancing and Measured Resection Techniques Necessary to Understand Image-Guided Surgical Techniques for Knee Arthroplasty?/ 1736
154 Mid-Flexion Instability After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1740
155 Correction of Fixed Deformities With Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1750
156 Correction of Deformities With Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Asian Approach/ 1761
157 Pressure Sensors and Soft Tissue Balancing/ 1766
158 The Clinical Effectiveness of Custom-Made Guides for Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1770
159 Computer Navigation in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1775
160 Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1784
161 Computer-Assisted Navigation: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Total Knee Replacement/ 1797
162 Robotics in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Development/ Outcomes/ and Current Techniques/ 1806
163 Robotic Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty/ 1813
164 Management of Extra-Articular Deformity in Total Knee Arthroplasty With Navigation/ 1818
165 Computer-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty for Extramedullary Deformity/ 1827
166 Impact of the Cavus Foot and Ankle on the Painful Knee/ 1837
167 Flat Foot and Its Effect on the Knee/ 1844
168 The Impact of the Foot and Ankle on Total Knee Replacement/ 1848
SECTION XIIB Revision and Complex Knee Arthroplasty
169 Complications of Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1858
170 Extensile Exposures for Revision Total Knee Replacement/ 1884
171 Revision of Aseptic Failed Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1897
172 The Infected Total Knee Replacement/ 1916
173 Instability in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1927
174 Management of Bone Defects in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: Augments,Structural and Impaction Graft/ and Cones/ 1936
175 Patellar Revision/ 1946
176 Patellar Fractures in Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1953
177 Extensor Mechanism Disruption After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1959
SECTION XIII Total Knee Arthroplasty Perioperative Management Issues
178 Obesity: Risks of Intervention, Benefi ts of Optimization/ 1968
179 Pain Catastrophizers: A Subgroup at Risk for Poor Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1972
180 Medical Optimization of Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors/ 1979
181 Decreasing the Risk of Surgical Site Infections Following Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 1983
182 Effects of Prehabilitation, Falls, and Musculoskeletal Comorbidity on Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes/ 1988
183 Intra-articular and Periarticular Injections/ 1995
184 Techniques and Eligibility for Same Day,Next Day Discharge of Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2001
185 Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients Leave the Hospital/ 2007
PART I Hospital Management of TKA Patients
186 Continuous Passive Motion: Pros and Cons/ 2014
187 Cryotherapy After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2018
188 Immediate Motion versus Splinting After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2020
189 Internet-Based versus In-Person Physical Therapy After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2022
190 Venous Thromboembolic Disease: Etiology and Risk Factors After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2025
191 ACCP, SCIP, and AAOS Guidelines for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Total Knee Arthroplasty/ 2030
192 Aspirin and Sequential Pneumatic Compression Devices: Strengths and Limitations/ 2034
193 Venous Thromboembolic Disease Stratifi cation of Risk: Who Needs Aggressive Anticoagulation/ 2038
194 Bleeding and Infection Risk With Aggressive Anticoagulation: How to Minimize Suboptimal Outcomes/ 2044
195 Total Joint Arthroplasty—Historical Perspective: Declining,Reimbursement/ Rising Costs/ 2049
196 Payment Paradigms/ 2053
197 Physician-Hospital Partnerships/ 2057
198 Value-Based Purchasing/ 2062
199 Quality Measures and Payment for Total Knee Replacement/ 2068
SECTION XIV Tumors About the Knee
200 Evaluation of the Patient With a Bone Lesion About the Knee/ 2079
201 Surgical Treatment of Benign Bone Lesions/ 2085
202 Surgical Management of Malignant Bone Tumors Around the Knee/ 2096
203 Allograft Prosthetic Composite Reconstruction of the Knee/ 2102
204 Megaprostheses for Reconstruction Following Tumor Resection About the Knee/ 2110
205 Metastatic Disease About the Knee: Evaluation and Surgical Treatment/ 2116
206 Soft Tissue Tumors of the Knee/ 2128
207 Common Pitfalls in Tumors About the Knee: How to Recognize and Avoid/ 2139
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