1
History, Present and Prospect of Ayurveda - 001
1.1 History of Ayurveda - 003
1.1.1 Vedic Period - 003
1.1.2 Upanishadic Literature - 008
1.1.3 Purana Literature - 009
1.1.4 Buddhist Literature - 009
1.1.5 Samhita Period - 010
1.1.6 Medieval Period and Colonial Rule - 014
1.2 Basic Concepts in Ayurveda - 015
1.2.1 Panchamahabhutas (Five Elements) - 016
1.2.2 Doshas (Biologicial Energies) - 016
1.2.3 Prakriti (Constitution) - 019
1.2.4 Dhatus (Tissues) - 020
1.2.5 Ojas (Essence of Dhatu) - 022
1.2.6 Malas (Waste Products) - 023
1.2.7 Agni (Transinformatory Energy) - 023
1.2.8 Ama (Undigested Metabolities) - 024
1.2.9 Srotas (Circulatory Channels) - 024
1.2.10 Manas (Mind) - 025
1.2.11 Ayurvedic Treatment Approaches - 026
1.2.12 Traya Upastamaba (Three Supportive Pillars) - 027
1.2.13 Swasthavrtta (Healthy Lifestyle Practice) - 029
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1.3 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030
1.3.1 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030
1.3.2 Present Status of Ayurveda Outside India - 042
1.4 Ayurveda in Future - 045
References - 046
2
History, Present and Prospect of Chiropractic - 048
2.1 The History of Chiropractic (1880s through 1990s) - 049
2.1.1 Antecedents to Chiropractic - 049
2.1.2 Origins of Chiropractic - 051
2.1.3 Clinical Elements of Practice - 052
2.1.4 Training - 052
2.1.5 Licensure - 052
2.1.6 Scope and Practice - 053
2.1.7 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 053
2.2 The Chiropractic Profession Today
(2000 to the Present) - 055
2.2.1 Training - 056
2.2.2 Licensure - 058
2.2.3 Scope and Practice - 059
2.2.4 Spinal Adjustments as the Common Thread - 059
2.2.5 Specialties - 060
2.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging - 060
2.2.7 Athletic and Sports-Related Care - 060
2.2.8 Economic Considerations - 061
2.2.9 Reimbursement - 062
2.2.10 Emerging Models of Practice - 064
2.2.11 Public Perception - 066
2.2.12 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 067
2.2.13 The World View - 067
2.3 Potential Futures for the Chiropractic Profession - 067
2.3.1 Introduction - 067
2.3.2 Healthcare Landscape and Trends - 069
2.3.3 The Internet of Things (IOT) - 071
2.3.4 Training, Licensing, Scope of Practice and Regulations - 073
2.3.5 Market for Chiropractic Services and the Practice of
Chiropractic - 077
2.3.6 Integration - 078
2.3.7 Competition from Other Provider Types - 078
2.3.8 Chiropractic Research - 079
2.3.9 Public Perception of the Chiropractic Profession - 080
References - 081
History and Present of European Traditional Herbal
Medicine (Phytotherapie) - 085
3
3.1 Main Concepts - 086
3.1.1 Phytotherapy and Mainstream Medicine - 087
3.1.2 Effect and Efficacy - 087
3.1.3 Finding and Feeling - 087
3.2 The History of European Traditional Herbal Medicine
(European Phytotherapy) - 089
3.3 Traditional European Herbal Medicine in the Health
System - 098
3.3.1 Phytotherapeutic Products in Germany and Europe in the
Last 100 Years - 098
3.3.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to this Traditional Medicine - 102
3.3.3 Clinical Management - 109
3.3.4 Standardization - 110
3.3.5 Education and Training - 113
3.3.6 Organizations in the Field of European Phytopharmaceuticals - 118
3.3.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality
and Safety - 118
3.3.8 Products and Trading - 128
3.3.9 Dosage Forms of Herbal Medicinal Products - 131
3.3.10 Overseas Communication - 133
3.3.11 Current Challenges: Synergism the New Concept? - 134
3.3.12 Cultivation and Origin of Medicinal Drugs - 135
Appendix
Short Overview of Typical Phytochemical Applications - 139
References - 157
History, Present and Prospect of Greco-Arab and
Islamic Herbal Medicine - 158
4
4.1 A Brief History of Arab Medicine - 160
4.1.1 Early Arab and Islamic Medicine - 160
4.1.2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine - 162
4.1.3 Prominent Arab and Muslim Physicians - 163
4.1.4 Rhazes (Al-Razi, 864–930 AD) - 164
4.1.5 Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037 AD) - 165
4.1.6 Alhacen (Ibn al-Haitham, 965–1040 AD) - 167
4.1.7 Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288 AD) - 167
4.1.8 Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi, 936–1013 AD) - 168
4.1.9 Alkindus (Al-Kindi, 800–873 AD) - 169
4.1.10 Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr 1091–1162 AD) - 169
4.1.11 The Role of Arabs and Muslims in the Development of
Pharmacology - 169
4.1.12 Poisons and their Antidotes in Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal
Medicine - 171
4.1.13 Hospitals in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 171
4.1.14 Current Status of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 173
4.2 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean - 177
4.3 Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes,
Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases - 181
4.3.1 Olea Europaea (Olive Tree) - 182
4.3.2 Punica Granatum (The Pomegranate) - 187
4.3.3 Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) - 190
4.3.4 Curcuma Longa Rhizomes (Turmeric) - 192
4.3.5 Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) - 194
4.4 Prospect of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 195
References - 199
5
History, Present and Prospect of Homeopathy - 203
5.1 History and Philosophy of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.1 Definition of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.2 Origin of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.3 Basic Principles - 206
5.1.4 Specific Concept of Health and Disease - 210
5.2 Current Status of Homeopathy - 214
5.2.1 Overview of National Health Service System and Integration
of Homeopathy into National Health System - 214
5.2.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to Homeopathic Practice - 217
5.2.3 Regulation of Homeopathic Medicinal Products (HMP) - 221
5.2.4 Clinical Management - 234
5.2.5 Standardization - 239
5.2.6 Education and Training - 241
5.2.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality, and
Safety (If Available) - 244
5.2.8 Homeopathic Medicines - 252
5.2.9 Trading - 252
5.2.10 Overseas Communication - 253
5.3 Prospect of Homeopathy - 253
5.3.1 The Need for Water Research - 253
5.3.2 The Need for Good Research Strategy - 254
5.3.3 The Need for Targeted Research into Specific Medical
Conditions - 254
5.3.4 The Need for International Awareness of National Policies
Which are T&CM-Unfriendly - 255
5.3.5 The Possibility of Supra-National Collaboration - 257
References - 257
6
History, Present and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 260
6.1 History of Kampo Medicine - 261
6.1.1 Ancient Era - 261
6.1.2 Medieval Age - 262
6.1.3 Meiji Restoration - 269
6.1.4 After the World War II - 273
6.2 Current Status of Kampo Medicine - 280
6.2.1 National Healthcare System and Integration of Traditional
Medicine into National Healthcare - 280
6.2.2 Insurance Coverage of Kampo Medicine/Acupuncture &
Moxibustion - 280
6.2.3 Licensure System, Training and Education - 281
6.2.4 Trade and Product - 282
6.2.5 Academic Societies and Research Centers for Kampo
Medicine - 283
6.2.6 Overseas Communication: Academic Symposium and
Conference - 286
6.2.7 Japan’s Contribution to International Standardization of
Traditional Medicine - 288
6.3 Challenges and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 290
References - 291
7
History, Present and Prospect of Korean Medicine - 293
7.1 History of Korean Medicine - 296
7.1.1 Ancient Times to Unified Silla Era - 296
7.1.2 Goryeo Dynasty - 296
7.1.3 Early and Mid-Joseon Dynasty Period - 297
7.1.4 Late Joseon Dynasty to Japanese Colonial Period - 299
7.1.5 1945 to Present - 300
7.2 Components of Korean Medicine - 302
7.2.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 302
7.2.2 Moxibustion - 305
7.2.3 Cupping - 305
7.2.4 Herbal Medicine Therapy - 306
7.2.5 Herbal Acupuncture Therapy (Pharmacopuncture) - 306
7.2.6 Chuna Manual Therapy - 307
7.2.7 Sasang Constitutional Medicine - 307
7.3 Legal Status and Administration of Korean Medicine - 310
7.3.1 Overview of Health Care System in Korea - 310
7.3.2 Legal Status and Administrational Body for Korean Medicine - 312
7.3.3 National Development Plans for Korean Medicine - 313
7.3.4 Policies on Korean Medicine Services - 314
7.3.5 Policies and Regulations on Herbal Medicines - 321
7.4 Resources and Utilization of Korean Medicine - 324
7.4.1 Human Resources - 324
7.4.2 Hospitals, Clinics, and Pharmacies, etc. - 325
7.4.3 Usage of the Korean Medicine Services - 327
7.5 Education in Korean Medicine - 329
7.5.1 Overview - 329
7.5.2 Education System for Korean Medicine Doctor - 331
7.5.3 Education System for Herbal Pharmacist - 333
7.5.4 Clinical Specialist Education - 333
7.5.5 Continuing Medical Education in Korean Medicine - 334
7.5.6 Accreditation and Evaluation of Education for Korean
Medicine Institutions - 334
7.6 Korean Medicine in Health Security System - 336
7.6.1 National Health Insurance and Korean Medicine - 336
7.6.2 Other Medical Guarantees and Korean Medicine - 339
7.6.3 Patient Classification System in Korean Medicine - 340
7.7 Industry and R&D of Korean Medicine - 341
7.7.1 Overview - 341
7.7.2 Korean Medicine Industry - 342
7.7.3 Research & Development of Korean Medicine - 344
7.8 Future Directions for Korean Medicine - 348
7.8.1 Improving Reliability of Korean Medicine through Scientific
Evidence Accumulation - 348
7.8.2 Innovating Korean Medicine Education - 349
7.8.3 Expanding Health Insurance Coverage for Korean Medicine - 349
7.8.4 Enhancing the Korean Medicine-Western Medicine Co-practice - 350
7.8.5 Promoting Korean Medicine Industry and R&D - 350
References - 351
Appendix
Act on the Promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
(Act No. 15910) - 352
History, Present and Prospect of Traditional Chinese
Medicine - 356
8
8.1 The Sprouting, Formation and Development - 357
8.1.1 The Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine - 357
8.1.2 TCM in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BCE–220 CE) - 360
8.1.3 TCM in the Wei, Jin, Southern & Northern, Sui, Tang and Five
Dynasties (220–960) - 362
8.1.4 The Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960–1368) - 364
8.1.5 TCM in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912) - 369
8.1.6 TCM in Modern Times - 373
8.2 The Fundamentals and Concepts of TCM - 379
8.2.1 Yin-Yang Theory - 380
8.2.2 The Five-Element Theory - 381
8.2.3 The Zang-Fu Theory - 381
8.2.4 Qi, Blood and Body Fluids - 383
8.2.5 Meridians - 386
8.2.6 Characteristics and Practice of TCM Clinical Thinking - 387
8.3 TCM Healthcare Skills and Practices - 388
8.3.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 388
8.3.2 Tuina - 391
8.3.3 Qigong and Daoyin - 392
8.3.4 Cupping Therapy - 394
8.3.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine - 395
8.3.6 Health Preservation - 398
8.4 Current Status of TCM - 401
8.4.1 Policies and Measures on TCM Development - 401
8.4.2 Regulations on TCM Service - 402
8.4.3 TCM Service - 404
8.4.4 Education and Training for TCM Professionals - 406
8.4.5 TCM Research and Innovation - 407
8.4.6 TCM Pharmaceutical Industry - 409
8.4.7 TCM Standardization and Cultural Development - 410
8.4.8 International Exchange and Cooperation in TCM - 411
8.5 Future Directions for TCM - 412
8.5.1 Improving TCM Service System - 412
8.5.2 Giving Play to the Unique Role of TCM in Maintaining and
Promoting People’s Health - 412
8.5.3 Promoting TCM Quality Enhancement and High-Quality TCM
Industry Development - 413
8.5.4 Strengthening the Building of TCM Professionals - 413
8.5.5 Facilitating the TCM Inheritance, Openness and Innovative
Development - 413
8.5.6 Reforming and Improving the TCM Management System and
Mechanism - 413
Reference - 413
Appendix I
Traditional Chinese Medicine in China - 415
Appendix II
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Traditional Chinese
Medicine - 421
Appendix III
Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment COVID-19 Diagnosis and
Treatment Protocol (the 9th Edition) - 427
Appendix IV
WHO Expert Meeting on Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine
in the Treatment of COVID-19 - 431
History, Present and Prospect of Thai Traditional
Medicine - 439
9
9.1 The Principles of Thai Traditional Medicine - 440
9.1.1 The Four Elements (Dhatu) of the Body and the Causes of
Illnesses - 440
9.1.2 Examination and Diagnostic Procedures of TTM - 441
9.1.3 Treatment Modalities in TTM - 441
9.2 History of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444
9.2.1 History of the Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444
9.2.2 The Revival of Thai Traditional Medicine - 445
9.2.3 Milestone of Major Events, Changes and Achievements in
TTM after the Establishment of DTAM - 449
9.3 Current Situations and Status of Thai Traditional Medicine
(2020–2021) - 453
9.3.1 Current Situation of the 4P of TTM - 454
9.3.2 The Current Situation of Ongoing Agenda-Driven Projects
on TTM Based on the Government Policies and the National
Strategy (2020–2021) - 464
9.4 Future Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 471
9.4.1 TTM Practice and Provision of TTM Service - 471
9.4.2 TTM Practitioners and TTM Educational System - 471
9.4.3 TTM Products and Herbal Products for Economy - 471
9.4.4 Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicine
Knowledge - 472
9.4.5 Medical Cannabis Service - 472
References - 472
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