序
Preface XI
LiSt OfSymb1S，UnitS，andNOta“on XV
CHAPTER I IntrodMCdon I
Case Study：ReStrUCtUring and ReregUlation Ofthe U．S．E1eCtriC Utility
lndUStrV 2
1．1 HiStory OfEleCtriC Power Systems 5
1．2 Present and FutureTrendS 12
1．3 E1eCtrk Utilty lndustry Structure 15
1．4 ComputersinPowerSyStemEngineering 16
1．5 PowenVorld simulator 17
CHAPTER2 FUndamentaIS 2S
CaseS Study:RestrUCturingtheThin·StretchedGrid 26
2．1 Phasors 34
2．2 1nstantaneousPowerin Single—PhaseacCircuits 36
2．3 Com1eXPower 41
2．4 Network Equations 46
2．5 BalancedThree·Phase Circuits 49
2．6 PowerinBalancedThree·Phase CirCUitS 57
2．7 AdvantageS OfBalanced Three—Phase versus Single·Phase Systems 61
CHAPTER 3 PowerTranSformers 71
Case$tudy：HOWElectrkUtilies BuyQuality WhenTheyBuy
Transformers 72
3．The ldeal TrahsfOrmer 76
3．2 Equivalent CircuitS fOrPractiCal TtansfOtruers 82
3．3 The Per UnitSvstem 88
3．4 Three Phase Trahsfoi''merConnections and Phase Shin 96
3．5 Per-Unit quiValentCircuits Of Balanced Thtee-PhaseTwo-Winding
Ttansfofibers 11
3．6 Three·WindingTtansfOrmers 16
3．7 AUtOtransfOrmers 19
3．8 Ttansformers With off-NominalTurnsRations 111
CHAPTER 4 Transmission-Line Parameters 13
Case Study: Special Report--Transmission Structures 131
4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations 145
4.2 Resistance 151
4.3 Conductance 154
4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 154
4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire
Line with Equal Phase Spacing 159
4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled
Conductors 162
4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and
Earth Return 17
4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 175
4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire
Line with Equal Phase Spacing 178
4.1 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled
Conductors 18
4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth
Return 184
4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 189
4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 192
CHAPTER S Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 199
Case Study: FACTS Technology Development: An Update 2
5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations 28
5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations 215
5.3 Equivalent 7: Circuit 221
5.4 Lossless Lines 223
5.5 Maximum Power Flow 232
5.6 Line Loadability 234
5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques 239
CHAPTER 6 Power Flows 25
Case Study: Visualizing the Electric Grid 251
6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss
Elimination 261
6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and
Gauss-Seidel 265
6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations:
Newton-Raphson 271
6.4 The Power-Flow Problem 275
6.5 Power-Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 281
6.6 Power-Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 284
6.7 Control of Power Flow 292
6.8 Sparsity Techniques 296
6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow 299
Design Projects 1-5 37
CHAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 319
Case Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Power Distribl
Systems 32
7.1 Series R-L Circuit Transients 322
7.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit--Unloaded Synchronous Machine 325
7.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 328
7.4 Bus Impedance Matrix 332
7.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 34
Design Project 4 (continued) 354
CHAPTER 8 Symmetrical Components 356
8.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components 357
8.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 362
8.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 37
8.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 372
8.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 374
8.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding
Transformers 38
8.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding
Transformers 385
8.8 Power in Sequence Networks 388
CHAPTER 9 Unsymmetrical Faults 396
Case Study: Fires at U.S. Utilities 397
9.1 System Representation 398
9.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 43
9.3 Line-to-Line Fault 48
9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 41
9.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices 417
Design Project 4 (continued) 435
Design Project 6 436
CHAPTER 1 System Protection 438
Case Study: Digital Relay Reports Verify Power System Models 439
1.1 System Protection Components 449
1.2 Instrument Transformers 45
1.3vercurrent Relays 457
1.4 Radial System Protection 461
1.5 Reclosers and Fuses 466
1.6 Directional Relays 469
1.7 Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays 471
1.8 Zones of Protection 472
1.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays 475
1.1 Differential Relays 482
1.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays 484
1.12 Transformer Protection with Differential Relays 485
1.13 Pilot Relaying 49
1.14 Digital Relaying 491
CHAPTER I I Power System Controls 54
Case Study: Meet the Emerging Transmission Market Segments 57
11.1 Generator-Voltage Control 516
11.2 Turbine-Governor Control 517
11.3 Load-Frequency Control 521
11.4 Economic Dispatch 525
11.5 Optimal Power Flow 538
CHAPTER 12 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation 547
Case Study: Protecting Computer Systems Against Power Transients 548
Case Study: VariSTAR~ Type AZE Surge Arresters 555
12.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines 558
12.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines 561
12.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram 57
12.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped
RLC Elements 575
12.5 Lossy Lines 582
12.6 Multiconductor Lines 586
12.7 Power System Overvoltages 589
12.8 Insulation Coordination 596
CHAPTER 13 Transient Stability 68
Case Study: The Great Blackout 61
13.1 The Swing Equation 613
13.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents
13.3 The Equal-Area Criterion 621
13.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation 628
13.5 Multimachine Stability 633
13.6 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 638
Appendix 644
Index 648
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