In 1699, after more than ten years' work on three different drafts, Kung Shang-jen finally produced The Peach Blossom Fan , a traditional opera in forty scenes. The heroine ofthe play, Li Hsiang chun, was a famous courtesan in Nanking at the end of the Ming dynasty. Her love for Hou Chaotsung, the hero of the drama, and many of the characters and incidents connected with their romance were for the most part based on fact. And Kung Shang-jen used these events and characters to present the rise and fall of the southern Ming regime in 1644 and 1645.