15． The Investment Dealer，Digest： IDD, 31 January 2000，Virtual Mergers： With Traditional Mergers Difficult to Pull Off， Airlines Are Finding Creative Ways to Consolidate， p．1．

16． Doganis (2001)．

17． Taneja (2003)．

18． ICAO Journal (2003) no．6．

19． ICAO Journal (2003) no．6．

20． Nawal K．Taneja (2003) Airline Survival Kit： Breaking Out of the Zero Profit Game， Ashgate Publishing．

21． http：//useu．usmission．gov／Dossiers／Open_Skies／Mar2808_Open_Skies_Accord_In_Force．asp

22． 尽管一些汇率的风险可以对冲，但套期保值既不是无成本的，也没有完全消除汇率风险。

23． IATA Annual Report， 2008．

24． ICAO Journal (2006) Annual Review of Aviation， Vol． 61， No． 5．

25． High Fuel Prices Spark Southwest Buyouts， UAL Loss， 28 May 2004， http：//www.smartmoney．com

26． Taneja (2003)．

27． James Ott and Raymond E．Neidl (1995) Airline Odyssey, The Airline Industry，Turbulent Flight into the Future． New York： McGraw*睭ill．

28． Taneja (2003) see op． cit．

29． ICAO Journal (2007) Performance Indicators， Vol． 62， No． 1．

30． 关于波音公司的价格，参见http://www.boeing.com/commercial/ prices/。

31． Ghemawat， P．(1991)Commitment：The Dynamic of Strategy． Free Press．