晋代诗歌 Poems of the Jin Dynasty

陶渊明（365—427），东晋著名文学家，又名陶潜，字元亮。东晋浔阳柴桑（今江西九江市）人。陶渊明出身于没落的官宦家庭，但父亲早死，家境贫困。这样的家庭背景和生活环境造就了他生性清高、不慕荣利的思想和品格。由于他好读书，文才出众，从29岁到41岁期间曾断断续续担任过一些不大不小的官职。但官场的腐败和争斗，特别是连年的战争都使他厌倦。他终于在41岁时辞官归田，直到62岁去世，再未做官。

陶渊明的文学创作形式多样，有诗歌、散文、辞赋等。无论哪种形式，都给后人留下了出色的作品。特别是散文《桃花源记》，堪称是中国的“乌托邦”，反映了农民劳苦大众盼望着过没有剥削和压迫、没有战争、躬耕自资、平等幸福生活的强烈愿望。

Tao Yuanming（365-427），also known as Tao Qian，whose courtesy name was Yuanliang，was a native of Chaisang，Xunyang（today’s Jiujiang County in Jiangxi Province）in the Eastern Jin Dynasty．Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family．His father died early and his family lived in straitened circumstances．Fostered in this family background and living condition，Tao Yuanming was aloof from politics and material pursuits and did not seek fame and wealth．He was fond of reading books and was of outstanding literary talents．From twenty-nine to forty-one，off and on，he had held some official posts．Later，tired of the corruption and strife of the official circles，especially the successive years of war，he finally resigned his post and returned to his native place．He did not held any official posts any more until he died at the age of sixty-two.

Tao Yuanming’s literary works are of various forms：poetry，prose，ci and fu，and some of them are excellent．The Land of Peach Blossoms by him can be viewed as the Utopia of China，which reflects the labouring people’s strong desire to live a self-sufficient，equal and happy life without exploitation，oppression and war.

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饮酒（其五）

〇陶渊明

结庐在人境^（1），

而无车马喧^（2）。

问君何能尔^（3）？

心远地自偏^（4）。

采菊东篱下^（5），

悠然见南山^（6）。

山气日夕佳^（7），

飞鸟相与还^（8）。

此中有真意^（9），

欲辨已忘言^（10）。

【注释】

(1) 结庐在人境：住在许多人聚居的地方。庐（lú）：简陋的房屋。结庐：盖房子。这句说的是把房子盖在这里，也就是住在这里。

(2) 而无车马喧：听不到人来车往的嘈杂声音。喧（xuān）：喧闹。而：连词，承接上下句。

(3) 问君何能尔：请问你怎么能达到这种境界？君：古代对人的尊称，相当于“您”。尔：如此。

(4) 心远地自偏：自己的内心已经远离了尘世的俗愿和争斗，住的地方也就变得偏僻而宁静。

(5) 采菊东篱下：在东边的篱笆（lí bā）下采摘菊花。篱笆：用竹子或树枝围成的院墙。

(6) 悠然见南山：悠然自得、毫无心事地放眼远看，无意间看到南边的山（这里指庐山）。

(7) 山气日夕佳：山里的气象和景色无论白天、晚上都非常美丽。气：气象、景色。日夕：白天、晚上。

(8) 飞鸟相与还：空中飞鸟成群结伴飞回巢（cháo）穴。

(9) 此中有真意：这里面蕴（yùn）含着生活和生命的真正意义。

(10) 欲辨已忘言：想辨别寻找出这些真意，却不知该用什么样的语言表达出来。可以理解为诗人领会到了生活中真正的意义，却无法表达，也就不想表达了。

Drinking Wine（V）

by Tao Yuanming

In people’s haunt I build my cot;

Of wheel’s and hoof’s noise I hear not.

How can it leave on me no trace？

Secluded heart makes secluded place.

I pick fenceside asters at will;

Carefree appears the Southern Hill.

The mountain air’s fresh day and night;

Together birds go home in flight.

What revelation at this view？

Words fail me if I try to tell you.

【赏析】

这首诗是陶渊明彻底与官场决裂后回到自己的家乡过上了恬静自得的田园生活时，在饮酒采花中写下的。他写的“饮酒”诗共二十首，这是其中的第五首。这首诗的核心是“心远地自偏”。解释它的含义，不同人有不同的说法，大致意思是：要净化自己的心灵，去除心里的各种杂念，不去追求功名、地位和庸俗的物质利益，在轻松闲暇的气氛中，过一种清新、健康、自得其乐的生活。如果能做到这一点，外界的任何引诱都不会使人心动，都不会再干扰你的生活。那时，你的身心就会与美好的大自然融为一体。只有这时，你才会真正领略大自然的美丽，真正体会到生活的真谛和生命的意义，这才是一个人应该追求的生命的最高境界。

陶渊明的这种思想是一种逃避现实的思想，在实际社会生活中很难实现。产生这种思想的原因是他看透了官场的腐败和争斗，并对此深恶痛绝，而又无法改变现实。这种空想同时表明了作者纯正而又高傲的品格。这种思想和品格被许多不愿与世俗同流合污的知识分子所欣赏，因而受到后世人无比的敬仰，这才使生前郁郁不得志的陶渊明死后流芳百世。

本诗最出名的一句是“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”。这里用菊花在秋天开放的独特品格象征诗人清高的志向，又把大自然与主人公巧妙地连接在一起，写得亲切自然，意境悠远，也使菊花从此备受人们的喜爱。

Interpretation

This poem was written when Tao Yuanming was drinking wine and picking flowers after he had broken with the official circles and returned to his hometown，living a tranquil and contented idyllic life．He composed twenty poems entitled Drinking Wine all together，and this is the fifth one.

The key of the poem is “if you’re free from desire and strife，then your whereabouts would be remote and peaceful”，and there are different explanations about what they mean．The rough idea is that one should purify his soul and banish distracting thoughts from his mind，and pursue no official ranks，status or vulgar material gains．He should live a fresh，healthy and self-satisfied life in a relaxed and free atmosphere．If he achieves this，no temptation outside can perturb him，and his body and thought would be in harmony with the happy nature．Only then can he really appreciate the beauty of nature and realize the true meaning of life．That’s the highest state one should pursue in life.

Tao Yuanming was trying to escape reality，but it’s very difficult for his thoughts to become true in the real social life．The reason that he had these thoughts was that he had seen through the official life and hated bitterly the corruption and struggle of the official circles，but he was unable to change the reality．At the same time his Utopian thought demonstrated his pure and high-minded disposition，which has been admired by lots of intellectuals who hate to live in the vulgar society．Tao Yuanming，who lived a melancholy life，won immortal fame and has been respected by later generations.

The most well-known lines in this poem are “I pick fenceside asters at will；Carefree appears the Southern Hill.”Chrysanthemums，having the unique character of blooming in autumn，symbolize the nobility of the poet．These lines，lovely and natural with a carefree mood，associate nature with the poet cleverly and make chrysanthemums loved very much by people.