PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
1 BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS 3
I.I Introduction 3
l.2 A Simple Voltage Converter 5
I.3 Systems View of Power Electronic Converters 6
I.4 Elements of the Converter Systems: Modeling and Assumptions ll
l.5 Convener Topology 24
l.6 Convener Operation and Desired Characteristics 28
l.7 Converter Performance Measures 28
l.8 Protection 33
l.9 Packaging 34
Problems 35
PART II: POWER ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 41
2 UNDERSTANDING COMPONENTS 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Basics of Magnetism 43
2.3 Magnetic Materials 45
2.4 Magnetic Circuits 46
2.5 Inductor 47
2.6 Nonlinearities in Magnetic Components 50
2.7 Losses in Magnetic Components 53
2.8 Windings 56
2.9 Types of Inductors 56
2.1O Transformers 61
2.1l Motors 65
2.12 Electrostatics and Dielectric Materials 69
2.13 Capacitors 69
2.14 Semiconductor Switches 7l
2.l5 Snubbering: Protection of Switching Devices 73
2.16 Zero-Current Switching 77
2.17 Zero-Voltage Switching 77
2.18 PSPICE Simulation 77
References 79
Problems 79
3 POWER DIODES 85
3.l Introduction 85
3.2 p-n Junctions 86
3.3 Power Diodes 92
3.4 Parallel and Series Connection of Diodes 98
3.5 Schottky Barrier Diode 100
3.6 New Trends in Diodes 102
3.7 Device Specification 102
3.8 PSPICE Simulation 104
3.9 Summary 104
References 106
Problems 107
4 TRANSISTORS: LEVEL TRIGGERED SWITCHING DEVICES 109
4.l Introduction 109
4.2 Basic MOS Structure 110
4.3 Power MOSFETs 114
4.4 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 126
4.5 Comparison of MOSFET and IGBT 134
4.6 Device Specifications 134
4.7 Summary 138
References 138
Ptoblems 138
5 THYRISTORS: PULSE TRIGGERED DEVICES 141
5.l Introduction 141
5.2 Basic Structure 142
5.3 Static Characteristics 143
5.4 Cathode-Shorted Structure of Thyristors 146
5.5 Effect of Temperature 147
5.6 Switching Characteristics 147
5.7 Series Operation of Thyristors 15l
5.8 Parallel Operation of Thyristors 153
5.9 Thyristor Triggering Circuits l53
5.10 Forced Commutation of Thyristors 156
5.ll Thyristor Snubber Circuits 159
5.12 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTO) 159
5.13 Triacs 163
5.14 The MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) 164
5.15 Device Specification 167
5.16 Summary 169
References 170
Problems 170
PART IU: POWER ELECTRONIC
CONVERTER CIRCUITS
6 DC TO CONTROLLED DC 175
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 Uncontrolled and Controlled Conversion 175
6.3 Buck Converters 178
6.4 Boost Converters 185
6.5 Buck-Boost Converters 192
6.6 CUK Converters 196
6.7 Two-Quadrant Converters 198
6.8 Full-Bridge Converters 198
6.9 Isolated DC-DC Converters 204
6.10 Multi-Output DC-DC Converter 211
6.11 Design Exercise: Switching Power Supply 212
6.12 PSPICE Simulation 213
6.13 Summary 214
References 214
Problems 215
7 DC TO CONTROLLED AC 219
7.l Introduction 219
7.2 Controlled Inversion 219
7.3 Full-Bridge Inverter (VSI) with Square-Wave Switching 224
7.4 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Control of VSI 230
7.5 Current-Mode Control of PWM VSI 234
7.6 Current Source PWM Full-Bridge Invener 234
7.7 Pruning of Harmonic Profile 236
7.8 Sine-PWM Inverter 242
7.9 Control Signal Generation 247
7.10 3-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter 248
7.ll Rectifier Mode of Operation of Inverters 252
7.12 Design Exercise: 2 KW, l-Phase Inverter for Emergency Applications 252
7.13 PSPICE Simulation 253
7.14 Summary 255
References 255
Problems 255
8 AC TO DC: NO CONTROL 259
8.l Introduction 259
8.2 AC-DC Converter Topologies 260
8.3 l-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 263
8.4 1-Phase Full-Bridge AC-DC Converter 273
8.5 Line Quality Issues 286
8.6 3-Phase 6-Pulse Full-Wave Rectifier 292
8.7 Transient Considerations 299
8.8 Design Example 300
8.9 Effect of Device Characteristics 300
8.10 PSPICE Simulation 300
8.11 Summary 302
References 303
Problems 303
9 AC TO DC: WITH CONTROL 307
9.l Introduction 307
9.2 Controlled AC-DC Conversion 308
9.3 l-Phase AC-DC Converters 312
9.4 3-Phase 6-Pulse Full-Bridge Converters 336
9.5 Design Exercise: PWM Drive for DC Motor 346
9.6 PSPICE Simulation 348
9.7 Summary 349
References 351
Problems 351
10 AC TO CONTROLLED AC 355
10.1 Introduction 355
10.2 Modeling and Analysis 356
10.3 AC Controller 357
10.4 Cycloconverter 373
10.5 DC-Link AC-AC Converter 382
10.6 PSPICE Simulation 385
10.7 Summary 385
References 386
Problems 387
11 RESONANT CONVERTERS 391
11.l Introduction 391
l1.2 Resonant Convener Systems 391
l1.3 Resonant Tank Circuits 392
11.4 Resonant Tank in Excitation 396
11.5 Series Resonant DC-DC Converter with Voltage Sink (Current Coupled Resonant Converter) 399
11.6 Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter (PRC) (Voltage Coupled Resonant Converter) 414
11.7 High-Order Resonant DC-DC Converter 420
11.8 Class E Converters 423
11.9 Resonant Switch Converters 423
11.10 Resonant-Link Inverters 428
11.1l Bidirectional Resonant Converters 428
1l.12 Control of Resonant Converters 429
1l.13 PSPICE Simulation 432
11.14 Summary 433
References 434
Problems 434
PART IV: POWER ELECTRONIC
APPLICATION SYSTEMS 497
12 ELECTRIC UTILITY INTERFACE:POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AND STATIC VAR CONTROL 439
12.l Introduction 439
l2.2 Electric Utility Distribution System 439
12.3 Passive Filtering 440
I 2.4 Active Current Shaping: Power Factor Comection 441
12.5 Interface for Bidirectional Power Flow 447
12.6 3-Phase Utility Interface 449
12.7 Static VAR Compensators 449
12.8 Summary 452
References 453
Problems 453
13 CONVERTER CONTROL 455
13.l Introduction 455
13.2 Averaged Model 455
13.3 Linearized Model 459
13.4 State-Space Averaged Model 461
13.5 Feedback Control 465
13.6 Summary 468
References 469
Ptoblems 469
14 APPLICATIONS 1: POWER SUPPLIES AND. .. 471
14.l Introduction 47l
14.2 DC Power Supply System 471
14.3 Control of Switch-Mode DC Power Supplies 473
14.4 Protection of DC Power Supplies 474
14.5 Electrical Isolation 476
14.6 Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) 476
14.7 Synchronous Rectifiers 477
14.8 Cross Regulation in Multiple Outputs 477
14.9 Battery Charging Systems 477
14.10 Uninterruptible (AC) Power Supply(UPS) 478
14.11 Electronic Lamp Ballast 480
14.12 Induction Heating 480
14.13 Switch-Mode Welding 481
14. 14 Electromagnetic Interference Considerations 481
14.15 Summary 483
References 483
Problems 484
15 APPLICATIONS II: MOTOR DRIVES 487
15.l Introduction 487
15.2 DC Motor Drives 487
15.3 Induction Motor Drives 492
15.4 Synchronous Motor Drives 501
15.5 Summary 505
References 505
Ptoblems 505
16 TEMPERATURE CONTROL,PROTECTION, AND PACKAGING 507
16.l Introduction 507
16.2 Temperature Control in Semiconductor Devices 507
16.3 Heat Transfer Basics 508
16.4 Heat Transfer Systems 508
16.5 Static Thermal Model of Heat Transfer Systems 512
l6.6 Transient Thermal Impedance 5l3
16.7 Heat Sink 516
16.8 Surge Voltage Protection 516
16.9 Fault Current Protection 517
16.10 Circuit Layout Techniques 519
16.11 Summary 520
References 521
Problems 521
APPENDIX A 523
A-l Review of Basic Principles 523
A-2 Basic Mathematical Methods 524
A-3 Energy and Power 530
A-4 Pspice Simulation 533
APPENDIX B 537
B-l Electromagnetics 537
APPENDIX C 539
C-l Semiconductor Basics 539
C-2 Charge Transport in Homogenous Structure Semiconductor Devices 541
C-3 Heterogeneous-Structure Devices 542
APPENDIX D 5t7
APPENDIX E 549
APPENDIX F 551
INDEX 553
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