1
Introduction 1
l.l The Electrical/Electronics Industry l
l.2 A Brief History 2
l.3 Units of Measurement 7
l.4 Systems of Units 8
l.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy,
and Rounding Off 11
l.6 Powers of Ten l2
l.7 Conversion between Levels of Powers
of Ten l8
l.8 Conversion within and between Systems
of Units l9
l.9 Symbols 21
l.10 Conversion Tables 22
l.l1 Calculators 22
l.l2 Computer Analysis 25
2
Current and Voltage 31
2.l Atoms and Their Structure 3l
2.2 Current 33
2.3 Voltage 36
2.4 Fixed (dc) Supplies 39
2.5 Conductors and Insulators 46
2.6 Semiconductors 48
2.7 Ammeters and Voltmeters 48
2.8 Applications 50
2.9 Computer Analysis 55
3
Resistance 59
3.l Introduction 59
3.2 Resistance: Circular Wires 60
3.3 Wire Tables 63
3.4 Resistance: Metric Units 65
3.5 Temperature Effects 67
3.6 Superconductors 7l
3.7 Types of Resistors 76
3.8 Color Coding and Standard
Resistor Values 80
3.9 Conductance 82
3.10 Ohmmeters 83
3.11 Thermistors 84
3.12 Photoconductive Cell 85
3.13 Varistors 85
3.14 Applications 86
4
Ohm's Law Power. and Energy 95
4.1 Ohm's Law 95
4.2 Plotting Ohm's Law 97
4.3 Power l00
4.4 Wattmeters l03
4.5 Efficiency l03
4.6 Energy l06
4'7 Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses 110
4.8 Applications 111
4.9 Computer Analysis 116
5
Series Circuits 125
5.1 Introduction l25
5.2 Series Circuits l26
5.3 Voltage Sources in Series l29
5.4 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law l29
5.5 Interchanging Series Elements l33
5.6 Voltage Divider Rule l34
5.7 Notation l36
5.8 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources l4l
5.9 Voltage Regulation 144
5.10 Measurement Techniques l45
5.11 Applications l47
5.12 Computer Analysis l50
6
ParalleI Circuits 167
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Parallel Elements l67
6.3 Total Conductance and Resistance l68
6.4 Parallel Networks l75
6.5 Xirchhoff's Current Law l77
6.6 Current Divider Rule l80
6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel l84
6.8 Open and Short Circuits l85
6.9 Voltmeters: Loading Effect l88
6.10 Troubleshooting Techniques l89
6.11 Applications l90
6.12 Computer Analysis l95
7
Series-Parallel Networks 207
7.1 Series-Parallel Networks 207
7.2 Descriptive Examples 2l2
7.3 Ladder Networks 217
7.4 Voltage DiVider Supply
(Unloaded and Loaded) 2l9
7.5 Potentiometer Loading 222
7.6 Ammeter, Voltmeter,
and Ohmmeter Design 223
7.7 Grounding 227
7.8 Applications 230
7.9 Computer Analysis 234
8
Methods of Analysis
and SeIected Topics (dc) 249
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 Current Sources 249
8.3 Source Conversions 25l
8.4 Current Sources in Parallel 254
8.5 Current Sources in Series 255
8.6 Branch-Current Analysis 255
8.7 Mesh Analysis (General Approach) 261
8.8 Mesh Analysis (Format Approach) 267
8.9 Nodal Analysis (General Approach) 271
8.10 Nodal Analysis (Format Approach) 278
8.11 Bridge Networks 283
8.12 Y- (T- ) and -Y ( -T) Conversions 287
8.13 Applications 292
8.14 Computer Analysis 299
9
Network Theorems 315
9.1 Introduction 3l5
9.2 Superposition Theorem 3l5
9.3 Thevenin's Theorem 322
9.4 Norton's Theorem 332
9.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 336
9.6 Millman's Theorem 345
9.7 Substitution Theorem 348
9.8 Reciprocity Theorem 350
9.9 Applications 351
9.10 Computer Analysis 353
10
Capacitors 369
10.1 Introduction 369
10.2 The Electric Field 369
10.3 Capacitance 373
10.4 Dielectric Strength 376
10.5 Leakage Current 377
10.6 Types of Capacitors 377
10.7 Transients in Capacitive
Networks: Charging Phase 382
10.8 Discharge Phase 388
10.9 Initial Values 393
10.10 Instantaneous Values 396
10.11 T = RTHC 397
l0.12 The Current iC 400
10.13 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 402
l0.l4 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 406
l0.l5 Stray Capacitances 407
10.16 Applications 407
l0.l7 Computer Analysis 4l4
11
Magnetic Circuits 427
l1.1 lntroduction 427
ll.2 Magnetic Fields 428
ll.3 Flux Density 430
11.4 Permeability 43l
ll.5 Reluctance 432
l1.6 Ohm's Law for Magnetic Circuits 432
l1.7 Magnetizing Force 433
ll.8 Hysteresis 434
l1.9 Ampere's Circuital Law 439
ll.10 The Flux 440
ll.11 Series Magnetic Circuits:
Determining NI 440
ll.12 Air Gaps 444
ll.13 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits 446
l1.14 Determining 448
ll.15 Applications 450
12
Inductors 465
l2.l Introduction 465
l2.2 Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction 465
l2.3 Lenz's Law 466
l2.4 Self-Inductance 466
l2.5 Types of Inductors 467
l2.6 Induced Voltage 470
12.7 R-L Transients: Storage Cycle 473
l2.8 R-L Transients: Decay Phase 477
12.9 Initial Values 480
l2.10 Instantaneous Values 483
l2.11 T = L/RTh 483
12.12 Inductors in Series and Parallel 486
12.13 R-L and R-L-C Circuits with dc Inputs 487
12.14 Energy Stored by an Inductor 490
12.15 Applications 49l
12.16 Computer Analysis 498
13
Sinusoidal AIternating Waveforms 509
13.1 Introduction 509
13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics
and Definitions 510
13.3 The Sine Wave 516
13.4 General Format for the Sinusoidal
Voltage or Current 520
13.5 Phase Relations 523
13.6 Average Value 527
13.7 Effective Values 534
13.8 ac Meters and lnstruments 539
13.9 Applications 542
13.10 Computer Analysis 547
14
The Basic Elements and Phasors 559
14.1 Introduction 559
14.2 The Derivative 559
14.3 Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements
to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current 561
14.4 Frequency Response of the
Basic Elements 572
14.5 Average Power and Power Factor 576
14.6 Complex Numbers 580
14.7 Rectangular Form 58l
14.8 PolarForm 58l
14.9 Conversion between Forms 582
14.10 Mathematical Operations
with Complex Numbers 584
14.11 Calculator and Computer
Methods with Complex Numbers 590
14.12 Phasors 592
14.13 Computer Analysis 598
15
Series and Parallel ac Circuits 611
15.l Introduction 611
15.2 Impedance and the Phasor Diagram 611
15.3 Series Configuration 6l8
15.4 Voltage Divider Rule 626
15.5 Frequency Response of the R-C Circuit 629
15.6 Sununary: Series ac Circuits 636
l5.7 Admittance and Susceptance 637
15.8 Parallel ac Networks 64l
15.9 Current Divider Rule 649
15.10 Frequency Response of the Parallel R-L Network 650
15.11 Summary: Parallel ac Networks 655
15.12 Equivalent Circuits 656
15.13 Phase Measurements
(Dual-Trace Oscilloscope) 661
15.14 Applications 664
15.15 Computer Analysis 67l
16
Series-Parallel ac Networks 691
16.1 Introduction 691
16.2 Illustrative Examples 692
16.3 Ladder Networks 70l
16.4 Applications 702
16.5 Computer Analysis 7l0
17
Methods of Analysis
and SeIected Topics (ac) 721
17.1 Introduction 72l
17.2 Independent versus Dependent
(Controlled) Sources 72l
17.3 Source Conversions 723
17.4 Mesh Analysis 725
17.5 Nodal Analysis 732
17.6 Bridge Networks (ac) 743
17.7 A-Y,Y- Conversions 748
17.8 Computer Analysis 753
18
NetworkTheorems (ac) 767
18.1 lntroduchon 767
18.2 Superposihon Theorem 767
18.3 Thevenin's Theorem 774
18.4 Norton's Theorem 786
18.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 793
18.6 Substitution, Reciprocity,and Millman's Theorems 798
18.7 Applications 798
18.8 Computer Analysis 805
19
Power (ac) 823
19.1 Introduction 823
19.2 Resistive Circuit 824
19.3 Apparent Power 825
19.4 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power 827
19.5 Capacitive Circuit 830
19.6 The Power Triangle 83l
19.7 The Total P, Q and S 834
19.8 Power-Factor Correction 838
19.9 Wattmeters and Power-Factor Metes 842
19.10 Effective Resistance 843
19.11 Applications 846
19.12 Computer Analysis 849
20
Resonance 861
20.1 Introduction 86l
20.2 Series Resonant Circuit 862
20.3 The Quality FactOr (Q) 864
20.4 ZTversus Frequency 866
20.5 Selectivity 868
20.6 VR, VL, and VC 871
20.7 Examples (Series Resonance) 872
20.8 Parallel Resonant Circuit 875
20.9 Selectivity Curve for
Parallel Resonant Circuits 878
20.10 Effect of Ql = l0 881
20.11 Sununary Table 885
20.12 Examples (Parallel Resonance) 886
20.13 Applications 893
20.14 Computer Analysis 896
21
DecibeIs. Filters. and Bode Plots 907
21.1 Logarithms 907
21.2 Properties of Logarithms 910
21.3 Decibels 9ll
21.4 Filters 9l6
21.5 R-C Low-Pass Filter 918
21.6 R-C High-Pass Filter 923
21.7 Pass-Band Filters 926
21.8 Stop-Band Filters 93l
21.9 Double-Tuned Filter 933
21.10 Bode Plots 934
21.11 Sketching the Bode Response 942
2l.12 Low-Pass Filter with
Lindted Attenuation 947
21.l3 High-Pass Filter with
Limilted Attenuation 951
21.14 Other Properties and a Summary Table 956
2l.15 Crossover Networks 962
2l.16 Applications 965
21.17 Computer Analysis 970
22
Pulse Waveforms and the
RCResponse 985
22.l Introduction 985
22.2 Ideal versus Actual 985
22.3 Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle 989
22.4 Average Value 992
22.5 Transient R-C Networks 994
22.6 R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs 996
22.7 Oscilloscope Attenuator and
Compensating Probe l003
22.8 Application 1004
22.9 Computer Analysis 1007
23
Polyphase Systems 1015
23.1 Introduction l015
23.2 The Three-Phase Generator l016
23.3 The Y-Connected Generator l0l8
23.4 Phase Sequence
(Y-Connected Generator) l020
23.5 The Y-Connected Generator
with aY-Connected Load l02l
23.6 TheY- System l023
23.7 The -Connected Generator l025
23.8 Phase Sequence
( -Connected Generator) l027
23.9 The - , -Y Three-Phase Systems l027
23.10 Power l029
23.11 The Thre-Wattmeter Method l035
23.12 The Two-Wattmeter Method 1036
23.13 Unbalanced Three-Phase, Four-Wire,
Y-Connected Load l039
23.14 Unbalanced Three-Phase, Three-Wire,
Y-Connected Load l041
23.15 Computer Analysis l044
24
Nonsinusoidal Circuits 1055
24.1 Introduction l055
24.2 Fourier Series l056
24.3 Circuit Response to a
Nonsinusoidal Input l066
24.4 Addition and Subtraction of
Nonsinusoidal Waveforms l071
24.5 Computer Analysis l072
25
Transformers 1081
25.1 Introduction l08l
25.2 Mutual Inductance 1081
25.3 Series Connection of Mutually
Coupled Coils l084
25.4 The Iron-Core Transformer l087
25.5 Reflected lmpedance and Power l090
25.6 Equivalent Circuit
(Iron-Core Transformer) 1093
25.7 Frequency Considerations l095
25.8 Air-Core Transformer 1097
25.9 Impedance Matching, Isolation,
and Displacement 1099
25.l0 Nameplate Data 1104
25.11 Types of Transformers 1105
25.12 Tapped and Multiple-Load
Transformers 1107
25.13 Networks with Magnetically
CoupIed Coils 1108
25.l4 Applications 1109
25.15 Computer Analysis 1114
26
System Analysis: An lntroduction 1121
26.1 Introduction 1121
26.2 The Impedance Parameters Zi and Z. 1122
26.3 The Voltage Gains AVNL, AV' and AVT. 1127
26.4 The Current Gains Ai and AiT. and the
Power Gain AG 1130
26.5 Cascaded Systems 1134
26.6 Impedance (z) Parameters 1137
26.7 Admittance (y) Parameters 1141
26.8 Hybrid (h) Parameters 1146
26.9 Input and Output Impedances 1150
26.10 Conversion between Parameters 1152
26.11 Coinputer Analysis 1153
Appendixes
Appendix A
PSpice, C++, and MathCAD 1164
Appendix B
Conversion Factors 1166
Appendix C
Detendnants 1169
Appendix D
Color Coding of Molded Mica
Capacitors (Picofarads) 1177
Appendix E
Color Coding of Molded Tubular
Capacitors (Picofarads) 1178
Appendix F
The Greek Alphabet 1l79
Appendix G
Magnetic Parameter Conversions 1180
Appendix H
Maximum Power Transfer Conditions 1181
Appendix I
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered
Problems l183
Index 1192
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