发电、运行与控制：英文版

Perface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1 Introduction    
1.1 Purpose of the Course
1.2 Coures Scope
1.3 Economic Importance
1.4 Problems:New ang Old
Further Reading
2 Characteristics of Power Generation Units
2.1 Characteristics of Steam Units
2.2 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics
2.3 Cogeneration Plants
2.4 Hight-Water Moderated Nuclear Reactor Units
2.5 Hydroelectric Units
Appendix:Typical Generation Data
References
3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution
3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem
3.2 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses
Considered
3.3 The Lambda-Iteration Method
3.4 Gradient Methods of Economic Dispatch
3.4.1 Gradient Search
3.4.2 Economic Dispatch by Gradient Search
3.5 Newton's Method
3.6 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions
3.7 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming
3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors
3.9 Economic Dispatch Versus Unit Commitment
Appendix 3A:Optimization within Constraints
Appendix 3B:Dynamic-Programming Applications
Problems
Further Reading
4 Transmission System Effects
4.1 The Power Flow Problem and Its Solution
4.1.1 The Power Folw Problem on a Direct Current
Network
4.1.2 The Formulation of the AC Power Flow
4.1.2.1 The Gauss-Seidel Method
4.1.2.2 The Newton-Raphson Method
4.1.3 The Decoupled Power Flow
4.1.4 The "DC" Power Flow
4.2 Transmission Losses
4.2.1 A Two-Generator System
4.2.2 Coordination Equations,Incremental Losses,and Penalty Factors
4.2.3 The B Matrix Loss Formula
4.2.4 Exact Methods of Calculating Penalty Factors
4.2.4.1 A Discussion of Reference Bus Versus Load Center Penalty Factors
4.2.4.2 Reference-Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow
Appendix:Power Flow Input Data for Six-Bus System
Problems
Further Reading
5 Unit Commitment
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Constraints in Unit Commitment
5.1.2 Spinning Reserve
5.1.3 Thermal Unit Constraints
5.1.4 Other Constraints
5.1.4.1 Hydro-List Methods
5.1.4.2 Must Run
5.1.4.3 Fuel Constraints
5.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods
5.2.1 Priority-List Methods
5.2.2 Dynamic-Programming Solution
5.2.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2.2 Forward DP Approach
5.2.3 Lagrange Relaxation Solution
5.2.3.1 Adjusting
Apendix:Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex Problem
Problems
Further Reading
6 Generation with Limited Energy Supply
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract
6.3 Composite Generation Production Cost Function
6.4 Solution by Gradient Search Techniques
6.5 Hard Limits and Slack Variables
6.6 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming
Appendix:Linear Programming
Problems
Further Reading
7 Hydrothermal Coordination
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Long-Range Hydro-Scheduling
7.1.2 Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling
7.2 Hydroelefctric Plant Models
7.3 Scheduling Problems
7.3.1 Types of Scheduling Problems
7.3.2 Scheduling Energy
7.4 The Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
7.5 Short-Term Hyrdo-Scheduling:A Gradient Approach
7.6 Hydro-Units in Series (Hydraulically Coupled)
7.7 Pumped-Storage Hydroplants
7.7.1 Pumped-Storage Hydro-Scheduling with a Iteration
7.7.2 Pumped-Storage Scheduling by a Gradient Method
7.8 Dynamic-Programming Solution to the Hydrothermal
Scheduling Problem
7.8.1 Extension to Other Cases
7.8.2 Dynamic-Programming Solution to Multiple
Hydroplant Problem
7.9 Hydro-Schedulint Using Linear Programming
Appendix:Hydro-Scheduling with Storage Limitations
Problems
Further Reading
8 Production Cost Models
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Uses and Types of Production Cost Programs
8.2.1 Production Costing Using Load-Duratio Curves
8.2.2 Outages Considered
8.3 Probabilistic Production Cost Programs
8.3.1 Probabilistic Production Cost Computations
8.3.2 Simulating Economic Scheduling with the Unserved Load Method
8.3.3 The Expected Cost Method
8.3.4 A Discussion of Some Practical Problems
8.4 Sample Computation and Exercise
8.4.1 No Forced Outages
8.4.2 Forced Outages Included
Appendix:Probability Methods and Uses in Generatio Planning
Problems
Further Reading
9 Control of Generation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Generator Model
9.3 Load Model
9.4 Prime-Mover Model
9.5 Governor Model
9.6 Tie-Line Model
9.7 Generation Control
9.7.1 Supplementary Control Action
9.7.2 Tie-Line Control
9.7.3 Generation Allocation
9.7.4 Automatic Generation Control(AGC)
Implementation
9.7.5 AGC Features
Problems
Further Reading
10 Interchange of Power and Energy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Economy Interchange between Interconnected Utilities
10.3 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation
10.4 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment
10.5 Multiple-Utility Interchange Transactions
10.6 Other Types of Interchange
10.6.1 Capacity Interchange
10.6.2 Diversity Interchange
10.6.3 Energy Banking
10.6.4 Emergency Power Interchange
10.6.5 Inadvertent Power Exchange
10.7 Power Pools
10.7.1 The Energy-Broker System
10.7.2 Allocating Pool Savings
10.8 Transmission Effects and Issues
10.8.1 Transfer Limitations
10.8.2 Wheeling
10.8.3 Rates for Transmission Services in Multiparty
Utility Transactions
10.8.4 Some Observations
10.9 Transactions Involving Nonutility Parties
Problems
Further Reading
11 Power System Security
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Factors Affecting Power Sysytem Security
11.3 Contingency Analysis:Detection of Network Problems
11.3.1 An Overview of Security Analysis
11.3.2 Linear Sensitivity Factors
11.3.3 AC Power Flow Methods
11.3.4 Contingency Selection
11.3.5 Concentric Relaxation
11.3.6 Bounding
Appendix 11A:Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors
Appendix 11B:Derivation of Equation 11.14
Problems
Fruther Reading
12 An Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Power System State Estimation
12.3 Maximum Lidelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Concepts
12.3.3 Matrix Formulation
12.3.4 An Example of Weighted Least-Squares State
Estimation
12.4 State Estimation of an AC Network
12.4.1 Development of Method
12.4.2 Typical Results of State Estimation on an AC Network
12.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition
12.5.1 The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm
12.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation
12.6.1 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements
12.6.2 Estimation of Quantities Not Being Measured
12.6.3 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements
12.7 Application of Power Systems State Estimation
Appendix:Derivation  of Least-Squares Equations
Problems
Further Reading
13 Optimal Power Flow
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Solution of the Optimal Power Flow
13.2.1 The Gradient Method
13.2.2 Newton's Method
13.3 Linear Sensitivity Analysis
13.3.1 Sensitivity Coefficients of an AC Network Model
13.4 Linear Programming Methods
13.4.1 Linear Programming Method with Only Real
Power Variables
13.4.2 Linear Programming with AC Power Flow
Variables and Detailed Cost Functions
13.5 Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow
13.6 Interior Point Algorithm
13.7  Bus Incremental Costs
Problems
Further Reading
Appendix:About the Software
Index