PREFACE xiii Part One 1 IMAGES AND DIGITAL PROCESSING 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Elements of Digital Image Processing 1.3 Philosophical Considerations 7 1.4 Digital Image Processing in Practice 10 Problems 11 References 11
2 DIGITIZING IMAGES 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Characteristics of an Image Digitizer 14 2.3 Types of Image Digitizers 15 2.4 Image-Digitizing Components 16 2.5 Electronic Image Tube Cameras 21 2.6 Solid-State Cameras 24 2.7 Film Scanning 28 2.8 Summary of Important Points 33 Problems 34 Projects 35 References 35
4 IMAGE-PROCESSING SOFTWARE 56 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Image-Processing Systems 56 4.3 The User Interface 57 4.4 The Software Development Process 61 4.5 Summary of Important Points 68 Problems 68 Projects 69 References 69
5 THE GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAM 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Uses of the Histogram 75 5.3 Relationship Between Histogram and Image 77 5.4 Summary of Important Points 80 Problems 80 Projects 80 References 81
6 POINT OPERATIONS 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Point Operations and the Histogram 86 6.3 Applications of Point Operations 91 6.4 Summary of Important Points 96 Problems 97 Projects 99 7 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS 101 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Algebraic Operations and the Histogram 102 7.3 Applications of Algebraic Operations 106 7.4 Summary of Important Points 112 Problems 112 Projects 113
8 GEOMETRIC OPERATIONS 115 8.1 Introduction 115 8.2 Gray-Level Interpolation 117 8.3 The Spatial Transformation 120 8.4 Applications of Geometric Operations 125 8.5 Summary of Important Points 137 Problems 137 Projects 139 References 140
Part Two 9 LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Harmonic Signals and Complex Signal Analysis 145 9.3 The Convolution Operation 148 9.4 Some Useful Functions 158 9.5 Convolution Filtering 163 9.6 Conclusion 166 9.7 Summary of Important Points 167 Problems 167 Projects 168 References 169
10 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform 178 10.3 Linear Systems and the Fourier Transform 186 10.4 The Fourier Transform in Two Dimensions 193 10.5 Correlation and the Power Spectrum 201 10.6 Summary of Fourier Transform Properties 203 10.7 Summary of Important Points 203 Problems 205 Projects 206 References 206
11 FILTER DESIGN 207 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Lowpass Filters 207 11.3 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters 209 11.4 High-Frequency Enhancement Filters 212 11.5 Optimal Linear Filter Design 216 11.6 Order Statistic Filters 247 11.7 Summary of Important Points 250 Problems 250 Projects 251 References 251
12 PROCESSING SAMPLED DATA 253 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Sampling and Interpolation 253 12.3 Computing Spectra 262 12.4 Aliasing 264 12.5 Truncation 266 12.6 Digital Processing 269 12.7 Controlling Aliasing Error 273 12.8 Digitally Implemented Linear Filtering 275 12.9 Summary of Important Points 277 Problems 277 Projects 278 References 279
14 WAVELET TRANSFORMS 303 14.1 Introduction 303 14.2 The Continuous Wavelet Transform 308 14.3 The Wavelet Series Expansion 312 14.4 The Discrete Wavelet Transform 314 14.5 Wavelet Selection 343 14.6 Applications 345 14.7 Summary of Important Points 346 Problems 347 Projects 348 References 348
15 OPTICS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS 351 15.1 Introduction 351 15.2 Optics and Imaging Systems 353 15.3 Diffraction-Limited Optical Systems 357 15.4 Imaging System Aberrations 366 15.5 Imaging System Resolution 368 15.6 The Analysis of Complete Systems 371 15.7 Examples 377 15.8 Summary of Important Points 381 Problems 383 Projects 385 References 385
Part Three 16 IMAGE RESTORATION 387 16.1 Introduction 387 16.2 Classical Restoration Filters 388 16.3 Linear Algebraic Restoration 393 16.4 Restoration of Less Restricted Degradations 397 16.5 Superresolution 403 16.6 System Identification 408 16.7 Noise Modeling 414 16.8 Implementation 416 16.9 Summary of Important Points 425 Problems 426 Projects 428 References 428
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