Preface
Part I The Context of Database Management
PART I OVERVIEW
1 The Database Environment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Basic Concepts and Definitions
Data
Data Versus Information
Metadata
Traditional File Processing Systems
FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY
Disadvantages of File Processing Systems
Program-Data Dependence
Duplication of Data
Limited Data Sharing
Lengthy Development Times
Excessive Program Maintenance
The Database Approach
THE DATABASE APPROACH AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY
Enterprise Data Model
Relational Databases
Implementing Relational Databases
A Database Application
The Range of Database Applications
Personal Databases
Workgroup Databases
department Databases
Enterprise Databases
Internet,Intranet,and Dextranet Databases
Summary of Databases Applications
Advantages of the Database Approach
Program-Data Independence
Minimal Data Redundancy
Improved Data Consistency
Improved Data Sharing
Increased Productivity of Application Development
Enforcement of Standards
Improved Data quality
Improved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness
Reduced Program Maintenance
Cautions About Database Benefits
Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
New,Specialized Personnel
Installation and Management Cost and Complexity
Conversion Costs
Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
Organizational Conflict
Components of the Database Environment
Evolution of Database Systems
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000 and Beyond
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
2 Database Development Process
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Database Development Within Information Systems Development
Information Systems Architecture
Information Engineering
Information Systems Planning
Identifying Strategic Planning Factors
Identifying Corporate Planning Objects
Developing an Enterprise Model
Database Development Process
Systems Development Life Cycle
Enterprise Modeling
Conceptual Data Modeling
Logical Database Design
Physical Database Design and Definition
Database Implementation
Database Maintenance
Alternative IS Development Approaches
The Role of CASE and a Repository
Managing the People Involved in Database Deelopment
Three-Schema Architecture for Database Development
Three-Tiered Database Location Architecture
DEVELOPING A DATABASE APPLICATION FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE
Matching User Needs to the Information Systems Architecture
Analyzing Database Requirements
Designing the Database
Using the Database
Administering the Database
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
Part II Database Analysis
PART II OVERVIEW
3 Modeling Data in the Organization
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Modeling the Rules of the Organization
Overview of Business Rules
The Business Rules Paradigm
Scope of Business Rules
Good Business Rules
Gathering Business Rules
Data Names and Definitions
Data Names
Data Definitions
Good Data Definitions
Data Names
Data Definitions
Good Data Definitions
The E-R Model
Sample E-R Diagram
E-R Model Notation
Entity-Relationship Model Constructs
Entities
Entity Type Versus Entity Instance
Entity Type Versus System Input,Output,or User
Strong Versus Weak Entity Types
Naming and Defining Entity Types
Attributes
Simple Versus Composite Attributes
Single-Valued Versus Multivalued Attributes
Stored Versus Derived Attributes
Identifier Attribute
Naming and Defining Attributes
Relationships
Basic Concepts and Definitions in Relationships
Attributes on Relationships
Associativer Entities
Degree of a Relationship
Unary Relationship
Binary Relationship
ternary Realationship
Attributes or Relationship?
Cardinality Constraints
Minimum Cardinality
Maximum Cardinality
Some Examples
A Ternary Relationship
Modeling Time-Dependent Data
Multiple Relationships
Naming and Defining Relationships
E-R MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY
DTABASE PROCESSING AT PINE VALLEY FURNITURE
Showing Product Information
Showing Customer Information
Showing Customer Order Status
Showing Product Sales
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
4 The Enhanced E-R Model and Business Rules
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Representing Supertypes and Subtypes
Basic Concepts and Notation
An Example
Attribute Inheritance
When to Use Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Representing Specialization and Generalization
Generalization
Specialization
Combining Specialization and Generalization
Specifying Constraints in Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Specifying Completeness Constraints
Total Specialization Rule
Partial Specialization Rule
Specifying Disjointness Constraints
Disjoint Rule
Overlap Rule
Defining Subtype Discriminators
Disjoint Subtypes
Overlapping Subtypes
Defining Supertype/Subtype Hierarchies
An Example
Summary of Supertype/Subtype Hierarchies
EER MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE
Entity clustering
Business Rules Revisited
Classification of Business Rules
Stating a Structural Assertion
Derived Facts
Stating an Action Assertion
Types of Action Assertions
Representing and Enforcing Business Rules
Sample Business Rules
Identifying and Testing Business Rules
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
Part III Database Design
PART III OVERVIEW
5 Logical Database Design and the Relational Model
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Relational Data Model
Basic definitions
Relational Data Structure
Relational Keys
Properties of Relations
Removing Multivalued Attributes from Tables
Example Database
Integrity Constraints
Domain Constraints
Entity Integrity
Referential Integrity
Action Assertions
Creating Relational Tables
Well-Structured Relations
Transforming EER Diagrams into Relations
Step 1:Map Regular entities
Composite Attributes
Multivalued Attributes
Step 2:Map Weak Entities
Step 3:Map Binary Relationships
Map Binary One-to-Many Relationships
Map Binary Many-to-Many Relationships
Map Binary One-to-One Relationships
Step 4:Map Associative Entities
Identifier Not Assigned
Identifier Assigned
Step 5:Map Unary Relationships
Unary One-to-Many Relationships
Unary Many-to-Many Relationships
Step 6:Map Ternary(and n-ary)Relationships
Step 7:Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Introduction to Normalization
Steps in Normalization
Functional Dependencies and Keys
Determinants
Candidate Keys
The Basic Normal Forms
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
Normalizing Summary Data
Merging Relations
An Example
View Integration Problems
Synonyms
Homonyms
Transitive Dependencies
Supertype/Subtype Relationships
A Final Step for Defining Relational Keys
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
6 Physical Database Design and Performance
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Physical Database Deign Process
Data Volume and Usage Analysis
Designing Fields
Choosing Data Types
Coding and Compression Techniques
Controlling Data Integrity
Handling Missing Data
Designing Physical Records and Denormalizatoin
Denormalization
Designing Physical Files
Poiner
File Organizations
Sequential File Organizations
Indexed File Organizations
Hashed File Organizations
Summary of File Organizations
Clustering Files
Designing Controls for Files
Using and Selecting Indexes
Creating a Primary Key Index
Creating a Secondary(Nonunique)Key Index
When to Use Indexes
RAID:Improving File Access Performance by Parallel Processing
Choosing Among RAID Levels
RAID-0
RAID-1
RAID 0+1
RAID-2
RAID-3
RAID-4
RAID-5
RAID Performance
Designing Databases
Choosing Database Architectures
Optimizing for Query Performance
Parallel Query Processing
Overriding Automatic Query Optimization
Picking Data Block Size
Balancing I/O Across Disk Controllers
Guidelines for Better Query Design
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
7 SQL
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History of the SQL Standard
The Role of SQL in a Database Architecture
The SQL Environment
Defining a Database in SQL
Generating SQL Database Definitions
Creating Tables
Using and Defining Views
Materialized Views
Creating Data Integity Controls
Changing Table Definitions
Removing Tables
Inserting,Updating,and Defeting Data
Batch Input
Deleting Database Contents
Changing Database Contents
Internal Schema Definitions in RDBMSs
Creating Indexes
Processing Single Tables
Clauses of the SELECT Statement
using Expressions
Using Functions
Using Wildcards
Comparison Operators
Using Boolean Operators
Ranges
Distinct
IN and NOT IN Lists
Sorting Results:The ORDER BY Clause
Categorizing Results:The GROUP BY Clause
Qualifying Results by Categories:The HAVING Clause
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
8 Advanced SQL
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Processing Multiple Tables
Equi-Join
Natural Join
Outer Join
Union Join
Sample Multiple Join Involving Four Tables
Subqueries
Correlated Subqueries
Using Derived Tables
Combining Queries
Conditional Expressions
Ensuring Transaction Integrity
Data Dictionary Facilities
SQL-99 Enhancements and Extensions to SQL
Proposed Analytical Functions
Programming Extensions
Triggers and Routines
Triggers
Routines
Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
9 The Client/Server Database Environment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Client/Server Architectures
File Server Architectures
Limitations of File Servers
Database Server Architectures
Three-Tier Architectures
Partitioning an Application
Role of the Mainframe
Using Parallel Computer Architectures
Multiprocessor Hardware Architectures
Business Related Uses of SMP and MPP Architectures
Using Middleware
Establishing Client/Server Security
Client/Server Security Issues for Web-Enabled Databases
Client/Server Issues
Database Access From Client Applications
Using Query-by-Example
The History and Importance of QBE
QBE:The Basics
Selecting Qualified Records
Self-Join
Basing a Query on Another Query
Using SQL Pass-Through Queries
Using ODBC to Link External Tables Stored on a Database Server
Using JDBC to Link External Tables Stored on a Database Server
Using Visual Basic for Application(VBA)in Client Applications
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
10 The Internet Database Environment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Internet and Database Connection
The Internet Environment
Terminology
Communication-Related Terms
Web-Related Terms
Common Internet Architecture Components
Internet-Related Languages
Server-Side Extensions
Web Server Interfaces
Web Servers
Client-Side Extensions
Web-to-Database Tools:ColdFusion and ASP
Active Server Pages(ASP)Example
ColdFusion Example
Embedded SQL
Managing Website Data
Web Security Issues
Planning for Web Security
Network Level Security
Operating System Level Security
Web Server Security
Privacy Issues
Internet Technology Rate-of-Change Issues
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
11 Data Warehousing
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Basic Concepts of Data Warehousing
A Brief History
The Need for Data Warehousing
Need for a Company-Wide View
Need to Separate Operational and Informational Systems
Data Warehouse Architectures
Generic Two-Level Architecture
Independent Data Mart Data Warehousing Environment
Dependent Data Mart and Operational Data Store Architecture
Logical Data Mart and @ctive Warehouse Architecture
Three-Layer Data Architecture
Role of the Enterprise Data Model
Role of Metadata
Some Characteristics of Data Warehouse Data
Status Versus Event Data
Transient Versus Periodic Data
An Example of Transient and Periodic Data
Transient Data
Periodic Data
The Reconciled Data Layer
Characteristics of Data after ETL
The ETL Process
Extract
Cleans
Load and Index
Data Transformation
Data Transformation Functions
Record-Level Functions
Field-Level Functions
More-Complex Transformations
Tools to Support Data Reconciliation
Data Quality Tools
Data Conversion Tools
Data-Cleansing Tools
The Derived Data Layer
Characteristics of Derived Data
The Star Schema
Fact Tables and Dimenion Tables
Example Star Schema
Surrogate Key
Grain of Fact Table
Size of the Fact Table
Modeling Date and Time
Variations of the Star Schema
Multiple Fact Tables
Factless Fact Tables
Normalizing Dimension Tables
Multivalued Dimensions
Hierarchies
Stowly Changing Dimensions
The User Interface
Role of Metadata
Querying Tools
On-Line Analytical Processing(OLAP)Tools
Slicing a Cube
Drill-Down
Data-Mining Tools
Data-Mining Techniques
Data-Mining Applicatons
Data Visualization
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Further Reading
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
Part V Advanced Database Topics
PART V OVERVIEW
12 Data and Database Administration
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Roles of Data and Database Administrators
Traditional Data Administration
Traditional Database Administration
Evolving Approaches to Data and Database Administration
Evolving Approaches to Data Administration
Data Warehouse Administration
Modeling Enterprise Data
Planning for Database
Managing Data Security
Threats to Data Security
Views
Integrity Controls
Authorization Rules
User-Defined Procedures
Encryption
Authentication Schemes
Backing Up Databases
Basic Recovery Facilities
Backup Facilities
Journalizing Facilities
Checkpoint Facility
Recovery Manager
Recovery and Restart Procedures
Switch
Restore/Rerun
Transaction Integrity
Backward Recovery
Forward Recovery
Types of Database Failure
Aborted Transactions
Incorrect Data
System Failure
Database Destruction
Controlling Concurrent Access
The Problem of Lost Updates
Serializability
Locking Mechanisms
Locking Level
Types of Locks
Deadlock
Managing Deadlock
Versioning
Managing Data Quality
Security Policy and Disaster Recovery
Personnel Controls
Physical Access Controls
Maintenance Controls
Data Protection and Repositories
Data Dictionaries and Repositories
Repositories
Overview of Tuning the Database for Performance
Installation of the DBMS
Memory Usage
Input/Output(I/O)Contention
CPU Usage
Application Tuning
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
13 Distributed Databases
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Unified Modeling Language
Object-Oriented Data Modeling
Representing Objects and Classes
Types of Operations
Representing Associations
Representing Association Classes
Representing Derived Attributes,Derived Associations,and Derived Roles
Representing Generalization
Interpreting Inheritance and Overriding
Representing Multiple Inheritance
Representing Aggregation
Business Rules
OBJECT MODELING EXAMPLE:PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
15 Object-Oriented DatabaseDevelopment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Object Definition Language
Defining a Class
Defining an Attribute
Defining User Structures
Defining Operations
Defining a Range for an Attribute
Defining Relationships
Defining an Attribute with an Object Identifier as Its Value
Defining Many-to-Many Relationships,Keys,and Multivalued Attributes
Defining Generalization
Defining an Abstract Class
Defining Other User Structures
OODB DESIGN FOR PINE VALLEY FURNITURE COMPANY
Creating Object Instances
Object Query Language
Basic Retrieval Command
Including Operations in Select Clause
Finding Distinct Values
Querying Multiple Classes
Writing Subqueries
Calculating Summary Values
Calculating Group Summary Values
Qualifying Groups
Using a Set in a Query
Sumary of OQL
Current ODMS Products and Their Applications
Summary
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Review Questions
Problems and Exercises
Field Exercises
References
Web Resources
Project Case:Mountain View Community Hospital
Appendix A E-R Modeling Tools and Notation
Comparing E-R Modeling Conventions
Visible Analyst Notation
Palatinum ERwin (CASE Tool)Notation
Microsoft Access 2000 Notation
Oracle Designer Notation
Comparison of Tool Interfaces and E-R Diagrams
Appendix B Advanced Normal Forms
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
Anomalies in STUDENT_ADVISOR
Definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form(BCNF)
Converting a Relation to BCNF
Fourth Normal Form
Multivalued Dependencies
Higher Normal Forms
References
Appendix C Data Structures
Pointers
Data Structure Building Blocks
Linear Data Structures
Stacks
Queues
Sorted Lists
Multilists
Hazards of Chain Structures
Trees
Balanced Trees
Reference
Appendix D Object-Relational Databases
Basic Concepts and Definitions
Features of an ORDBMS
Complex Data Types
Enhanced SQL
A Simple Example
Content Addressing
Advantages of the Object-Relational Approach
ORDBMS Vendors and Products
References
Web Resources
Glossary of Acronyms
Glossary of Terms
Credits
Index
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