Table of Contents
Part I Review 1
Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 3
* Layered Network Model: OSI Reference Model 3
·Peer-to-Peer Communication 4
·Data Encapsulation 5
* Physical Layer 6
·Ethernet/802.3 Physical Connections 7
* Data Link Layer 8
·Ethernet/802.3 Interface 8
* Network Layer 9
·IP Addressing and Subnets 9
·Path Determination 9
·Path Communication 9
·ICMP 11
·ARP 11
·Routing 12
·Routed Versus Routing Protocols 14
·IP Routing Configuration Tasks 16
* Transport Layer 17
·Segmenting Upper-Layer Applications 18
·Establishing a Connection 18
·Data Transfer 18
·Reliability with Windowing 19
·Acknowledgment Techniques 19
* Summary 20
* Key Terms 20
* Check Your Understanding 23
Part II CCNA 3: Switching Basics and Intermediate Routing 27
Chapter 2 Introduction to Classless Routing 29
* CIDR Overview 29
·Why CIDR? 29
* Route Aggregation and Supernetting 30
·Supernetting and Address Allocation 31
* Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) 32
·VLSM Features 32
·Calculating VLSMs 34
·Configuring VLSM 35
·VLSM Using RIP and IGRP 36
* Route Summarization 37
·Summarization Within an Octet 38
·Summarization with a Discontiguous Network 38
* Route Flapping 39
* RIP Version 2 39
·Short History of RIP 39
·RIP Version 2 Features 40
·Comparing RIPv1 and RIPv2 41
·Configuring RIP Version 2 41
·Verifying RIP V2 42
·Troubleshooting RIP 44
* Default Routes 45
* Summary 46
* Key Terms 47
* Check Your Understanding 47
Chapter 3 Single-Area OSPF 49
* Single-Area OSPF Concepts 49
·OSPF Overview 49
·OSPF Terminology 50
·OSPF States 51
·Comparing OSPF with Distance Vector Routing Protocols 53
·Shortest Path First Algorithm 54
·OSPF Network Types 54
·OSPF Hello Protocol 56
·Steps in OSPF Operations 56
·Establishing a Router Adjacency 56
·Electing a DR and BDR 57
·Discovering Routes 58
·Selecting the Best Route 59
·Maintaining Route Information 59
* Single-Area OSPF Configuration 60
·Configuring a Loopback Address 61
·Modifying OSPF Router Priority 61
·Modifying OSPF Cost Metric 62
·Configuring OSPF Authentication 63
·Configuring OSPF Timers 64
* Configure OSPF over NBMA 64
·Full-Mesh Frame Relay 66
·Partial-Mesh Frame Relay 67
·Point-to-Multipoint OSPF 68
* Propagating a Default Route 69
* Common OSPF Configuration Issues 69
* Verifying the OSPF Configuration 70
* Summary 70
* Key Terms 71
* Check Your Understanding 71
Chapter 4 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 75
* EIGRP Overview 75
·EIGRP Processes and Technology 75
·EIGRP Benefits 77
·Independence from Routed Protocols 78
* EIGRP Terminology 78
·Neighbor Table 78
·Topology Table 78
·Successor 79
·Feasible Successor 80
·Selection of Successors and Feasible Successors 80
·Stuck in Active Routes 81
·Routing Table 81
·Route Tagging 81
* EIGRP Features and Technologies 82
·Neighbor Discovery and Recovery 82
·Reliable Transport Protocol 83
·DUAL Finite-State Machine 83
·PDMs 84
* EIGRP Packet Types 84
·Hello Packets 84
·Acknowledgment Packets 85
·Update Packets 85
·Query and Reply Packets 85
* EIGRP Convergence 86
* Configuring EIGRP 87
·Configuring EIGRP for IP 87
·Configuring Bandwidth with NBMA 88
·Configuring Bandwidth over a Multipoint Network 88
·Configuring Bandwidth over a Hybrid Multipoint Network 89
·Using the ip bandwidth-percent Command 89
·Configuring EIGRP Summarization 90
* Verifying Basic EIGRP 91
* Summary 92
* Key Terms 92
* Check Your Understanding 92
Chapter 5 Switching Concepts and LAN Design 95
* Ethernet/802.3 LANs 95
·Ethernet/802.3 LAN Development 95
·Factors That Impact Network Performance 98
·Elements of Ethernet/802.3 Networks 98
·Half-Duplex Ethernet Networks 99
·Full-Duplex Ethernet Networks 100
* Introduction to LAN Switching 100
·LAN Segmentation 101
·LAN Segmentation with Bridges 102
·LAN Segmentation with Routers 103
·LAN Segmentation with Switches 104
* The Basic Operations of a Switch 104
·Ethernet Switch Latency 107
·Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching 107
·Implications of Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching 108
·Symmetric and Asymmetric Switching 108
·Memory Buffering 109
* LAN Design 110
·LAN Design Goals 110
·LAN Design Considerations 110
·Function and Placement of Servers 110
·Segmentation Issues 111
·Broadcast Domain Issues 112
·LAN Design Methodology 112
·Factors That Affect Network Availability 113
·Designing the Physical Network Topology 113
·Layer 1 Design 113
·Layer 2 Design 116
·Layer 3 Design 121
·Basic Layer 2 Bridging and Switching 124
·How Switches and Bridges Filter Frames 125
·Filtering Types 125
* Summary 126
* Key Terms 126
* Check Your Understanding 129
Chapter 6 Switches 133
* Overview of Switches 133
* Starting the Switch 134
·Physical Startup of the Catalyst Switch 134
·Switch LED Indicators 135
·Verifying Port LEDs During Switch POST 136
·Viewing Initial Bootup Output from the Switch 136
·Examining Help in the Switch Command-Line Interface 139
* LAN Switches and Hierarchical Network Design 141
·The Core Layer 142
·The Distribution Layer 142
·Access Layer 143
·Switched LANs, Access Layer Overview 143
·Access Layer Switches 143
·Distribution Layer Overview 144
·Distribution Layer Switches 145
* Core Layer Overview 145
·Core Layer Switches 146
* Summary 147
* Key Terms 147
* Check Your Understanding 148
Chapter 7 Switch Configuration 151
* Microsegmentation 151
·Microsegmentation Implementation 152
* How a Switch Learns Addresses 153
* Switch Forwarding 155
·Store-and-Forward 155
·Cut-Through 155
·Symmetric Switching 156
·Asymmetric Switching 156
·Memory Buffering 156
* Switches and Collision Domains 157
* Switches and Broadcast Domains 158
* Communication Between Switches and PCs 159
·PC to Switch Transmission 159
·Communication Between Switches 160
* Verifying the Initial Configuration of a Catalyst Switch 160
·Verifying the Catalyst Switch Default Configuration 160
·Switch Port Properties 161
·VLAN Properties 162
·The Flash Directory 163
·Displaying IOS Version Information 163
·Benefits of Using the Default Configuration 164
* Configuring the Network Settings of the Catalyst Switch 164
·Resetting the Switch Defaults 164
·Assigning the Switch Host Name and Passwords 165
·Assigning the Switch IP Address and Default Gateway 165
·Setting Port Characteristics 165
·Web-Based Interface 166
* Managing the MAC Address Table 167
·Configuring Static MAC Addresses 168
·Configuring Port Security 169
* Executing Adds, Moves, and Changes 169
* Managing Switch Operating System Images and Device Configuration Files 170
* 1900/2950 Password Recovery 170
* 1900/2900 Firmware IOS Upgrade 171
* Summary 171
* Key Terms 171
* Check Your Understanding 172
Chapter 8 Spanning Tree Protocol 175
* Redundant Topology Overview 175
·What Is Redundancy? 175
·Redundant Topologies 176
·Redundant Switched Topologies 176
·Broadcast Storms 176
·Multiple Frame Transmissions 177
·MAC Database Instability 177
* Spanning Tree Overview 178
·Spanning-Tree Operation 178
·Using Spanning Tree to Create a Loop-Free Topology 179
* Advanced Functions of STP 180
·Selecting the Root Bridge 181
·Stages of Spanning-Tree Port States 182
·Electing Designated Ports 183
·Path Cost 185
·STP Timers 186
·Spanning-Tree Recalculation 187
·Convergence 188
* RSTP 188
·RSTP Port States 188
·Transition to Forwarding 189
* Summary 189
* Key Terms 190
* Check Your Understanding 190
Chapter 9 Virtual LANs 193
* VLAN Introduction 193
* Broadcast Domains with VLANs and Routers 195
* VLAN Operation 195
* End-to-End VLANs 198
* Geographic VLANS 198
* Benefits of VLANs 198
·Change Management 199
·VLANs and Security 199
* Using Hubs with VLANs 200
* VLAN Types 201
·VLAN Frame Identification 201
·IEEE 802.1Q: Frame Tagging 201
·Inter-Switch Link Protocol 201
·FDDI 802.10 202
·LANE 202
* VLAN Configuration 203
·Configuring Static VLANs 203
* Verifying VLAN Configuration 204
* Saving a VLAN Configuration 205
* Deleting a VLAN Configuration 205
* Troubleshooting VLANs 206
* Summary 208
* Key Terms 208
* Check Your Understanding 208
Chapter 10 VLAN Trunking Protocol 211
* Trunking 211
·Trunking Concepts 212
·Trunking Operation 212
·VLANs and Trunking 213
·Switch Command-Line Interfaces 214
·Trunking Implementation 214
* VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 216
·History of VTP 216
·VTP Concepts 216
·VTP Benefits 216
·VTP Domain 217
·VTP Modes 217
·VTP Implementation 218
·VTP Configuration 220
·VTP Pruning 222
* Inter-VLAN Routing 223
·Inter-VLAN Issues and Solutions 224
·Isolated Broadcast Domains 225
·Finding the Route Between VLANs 225
·Physical and Logical Interfaces 226
·Dividing Physical Interfaces into Subinterfaces 226
·Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 227
* Summary 227
* Key Terms 228
* Check Your Understanding 228
Part III CCNA 4: WAN Technologies 231
Chapter 11 Scaling IP Addresses 233
* Internet Protocol Overview 233
* NAT and PAT 235
·NAT and PAT Features 237
·Configuring NAT and PAT 238
·Verifying NAT and PAT Configuration 242
·Troubleshooting NAT and PAT Configuration 243
·Advantages and Disadvantages of NAT 244
* DHCP Overview 245
·Introducing DHCP 245
·BOOTP and DHCP Differences 247
·DHCP Features 247
·DHCP Operation 248
·Configuring DHCP Operation 249
·Verifying DHCP Operation 250
·Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration 250
·DHCP Relay 251
* Summary 253
* Key Terms 253
* Check Your Understanding 253
Chapter 12 WAN Technologies 257
* WAN Technologies Overview 257
* WAN Devices 259
* WAN Standards 260
* WAN Encapsulation 261
* WAN Link Options 262
·Circuit-Switched Connections 262
·Packet-Switched Connections 262
·Packet and Circuit Switching 263
* WAN Technologies 264
·Analog Dialup 264
·ISDN 265
·Leased Line 266
·X.25 266
·Frame Relay 267
·ATM 268
·DSL 268
·Cable Modem 269
* WAN Communication 270
·LAN/WAN Integration 272
·Identifying and Selecting Network Capabilities 272
·Identifying and Selecting a Networking Model 274
·The Hierarchical Network Design Model 274
·The Three-Layer Design Models 274
·Three-Layer Model Components 276
·Hierarchical WAN Design Advantages 278
·Server Placement 279
* WAN Design 281
·Steps in Designing a WAN 281
·Gathering Requirements 282
·Analyzing Requirements 283
·Sensitivity Testing 284
·WAN Topology 285
·How to Identify and Select Networking Capabilities 286
·Other WAN Design Considerations 286
* Summary 287
* Key Terms 287
* Check Your Understanding 288
Chapter 13 Point-to-Point Protocol 291
* PPP Layered Architecture 291
* Establishing a PPP Session 294
* PPP Authentication Protocols 295
·Password Authentication Protocol 296
·CHAP 296
* PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process 296
* Serial Point-to-Point Links 300
* Time-Division Multiplexing 300
* Demarcation Point 301
* DTE and Data Communications Equipment Devices 301
* HDLC Encapsulation 303
* Configuring HDLC Encapsulation 304
* Troubleshooting a Serial Interface 304
* Configuring PPP 309
* Configuring PPP Encapsulation 310
* Configuring PPP Authentication 311
* Verifying the Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration 312
* Troubleshooting the Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration 313
* Summary 314
* Key Terms 314
* Check Your Understanding 315
Chapter 14 ISDN and DDR 319
* ISDN Standards 319
* ISDN Overview 320
* ISDN Standards and Access Methods 322
* ISDN 3-Layer Model and Protocols 324
* ISDN Call Setup 325
* ISDN Functions and Reference Points 327
* Determining the Router ISDN Interface 328
* ISDN Switch Types 329
* ISDN Configuration 330
·Configuring ISDN BRI 330
·Configuring ISDN PRI 332
·Verifying the ISDN Configuration 334
·Troubleshooting the ISDN Configuration 336
* DDR Routing 336
* DDR Operation 337
* Legacy DDR 338
* Defining Static Routes for DDR 338
* Specifying Interesting Traffic for DDR 339
* Configuring DDR Dialer Information 339
* Dialer Profiles 341
* Configuring Dialer Profiles 342
* Verifying the DDR Configuration 342
* Summary 344
* Key Terms 344
* Check Your Understanding 345
Chapter 15 Frame Relay 349
* Frame Relay Overview 349
·Frame Relay Terminology 350
·Frame Relay Operation 351
·Frame Relay LMI 354
·LMI Operations 354
·LMI Extensions 355
* Global Addressing 356
·Multicasting 356
·Inverse ARP 356
·Stages of Inverse ARP and LMI Operation 356
·Frame Relay Mapping 357
·Frame Relay Switching Tables 357
* Frame Relay Operation Summary 358
* Frame Relay Subinterfaces 358
·Split Horizon Routing Environments 360
·Resolving Reachabilty Issues with Subinterfaces 360
* Basic Frame Relay Configuration 361
·Configuring the Serial Interface 361
·Verifying the Serial Interface Configuration 362
·Verifying Operation and Confirming Connectivity 362
·Confirming That the Line Is Up 363
·Confirming the Frame Relay Maps 364
·Confirming Connectivity to the Central Site Router 364
·Configuring Subinterfaces 364
·Configuring Optional Commands 366
* Summary 367
* Key Terms 368
* Check Your Understanding 368
Chapter 16 Introduction to Network Administration 373
* Overview of Desktop and Server Operating Systems 373
·Workstations 373
·Servers 375
·Client/Server Relationship 378
·NOSs 379
·Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows NET 381
·UNIX and Linux 383
·Macintosh OS X 386
* Concept of Service on Servers 387
·File Sharing 387
·FTP and File Transfer 387
·Web Services 388
·DNS 388
·DHCP 388
* Network Management 388
·OSI and Network Management Model 389
·Standards: SNMP and CMIP 380
·SNMP Operation 391
·Structure of Management Information and MIBs 393
·SNMP Protocol 394
·Configuring SNMP 397
·RMON 398
·Syslog 398
* Summary 400
* Key Terms 400
* Check Your Understanding 400
Part IV CCNA Bonus Material 403
Chapter 17 Optical Networking Fundamentals 405
* Basics of Optical Networks 405
·Optical Business Drivers 405
·Fiber-Optic Systems 406
·Fiber-Optic Transmission System 406
·Light 407
* Optical Fibers 410
·Fiber Types 410
·Fiber Geometry 411
·Attenuation 413
·Optical Filters 414
·Optical Amplifiers 414
* Optical Transmission and Multiplexing 415
·SONET Technology 415
·SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy 418
·DWDM Systems 418
* Summary 421
* Key Terms 421
* Check Your Understanding 422
Chapter 18 Network Management 425
* Network Documentation 425
·Main Distribution Frame (MDF) and Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) Layouts 425
·Server and Workstation Configuration Details 426
·Software Listings 427
·Maintenance Records 428
·Security Measures 428
·User Policies 428
* Network Security 429
·Data Recovery 429
·Backup Operations 430
·Redundancy Techniques 431
* Environmental Factors 432
·Power Conditioning 433
·EMI and RFI 433
·Software Viruses 433
* Network Performance 434
·Server Administration 435
·Client/Server Network 436
·Network Control 438
* The Administrative Side of Network Management 439
·Understanding and Establishing the Boundaries of the Network 440
·Costs of a Network 440
·Error Report Documentation 440
* Monitoring the Network 441
·Connection Monitoring 441
·Traffic Monitoring 441
·SNMP 442
·Remote Monitoring 443
* Network Troubleshooting 445
·The Troubleshooting Process 445
·Troubleshooting Techniques 446
·Software Tools 450
* Summary 453
* Key Terms 454
Chapter 19 Network+ Certification Exam Review 457
Chapter 20 CCNA Certification Exam Review 459
* OSI Model 459
·Application Layer 459
·Presentation Layer 459
·Session Layer 460
·Transport Layer 460
·Network Layer 460
·Data Link Layer 461
·Physical Layer 461
* Bridging/Switching 461
·Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Ethernet Operations 461
·Distinguishing Between Cut-Through and Store-and-Forward LAN Switching 462
·The Operation and Benefits of VLANs 463
* Routed Protocols 464
·Different Classes of IP Addresses, Including Subnetting and Private Addresses 464
·Subnetting 465
·Converting Among Decimal, Hexadecimal, and Binary 467
* Routing Protocols 469
·Exterior and Interior Routing Protocols 470
·Enabling RIP and IGRP on a Router 472
·Identifying Routing Metrics Used by IGRP and RIP 472
·Comparing and Contrasting the Key Operations That Distinguish Distance Vector, Link-State, and Hybrid Protocols 473
* WAN Protocols 476
·Key Frame Relay Terms and Features 476
·Differentiating Among LAPB, Frame Relay, ISDN/LAPD,HDLC, PPP, and DDR 476
·Configuring ISDN BRI and Legacy Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) 477
* Configuration File Management Using TFTP 479
·How to Load a Software Image Backup 479
·Configuration File Management 480
·Managing IOS Images with TFTP 481
* Internet Control Message Protocol 482
·ICMP Message Delivery 483
·Error Reporting and Error Correction 483
* Unreachable Networks 483
·Using ping to Test Destination Reachability 484
* Access Lists 486
·ACL Overview 487
·Reasons to Create ACLs 487
* Cisco, IOS, and Network Basics 488
·Initial Router Boot-Up Output 488
·Establishing a HyperTerminal Session 489
·Logging In to the Router 489
·Keyboard Help 490
·IOS Editing Commands 492
·Router Command History 493
·Troubleshooting Command Errors 493
·The Purpose of the Cisco IOS 494
·Operation of the Cisco IOS 494
·Cisco IOS Features 494
·The show version Command 495
·Router User Interface 495
·Cisco IOS Troubleshooting 496
* Summary 497
* Key Terms 497
Chapter 21 Introduction to Converged Networking 501
* Traditional Networks 501
* Introduction to Voice and Data Networks 501
·Voice over Frame Relay 502
·Voice over ATM 503
·Voice over IP 503
·Comparing Voice-over-Data Technologies 504
* Voice, Video, and Data Networks 504
·Cisco AVVID 505
·Converged Networking Applications 505
* Common Issues with QoS 508
·Delay 508
·Jitter 509
·Lost Packets 509
·Echo 509
·Cisco IOS Software QoS Technology 510
* Summary 510
* Key Terms 511
Chapter 22 Developing Network Security and Network Management Strategies 513
* Network Security Design 513
·Identifying Network Assets and Analyzing Risks 514
·Analyzing Security Requirements and Trade-Offs 514
·Developing a Security Plan 514
·Defining a Security Policy 515
·Components of a Security Policy 515
·Developing Security Procedures 515
* Security Mechanisms 516
·Authentication 516
·Authorization 516
·Accounting (Auditing) 516
·Data Encryption 517
·Packet Filters 518
·Firewalls 519
·Intrusion Detection 519
·Physical Security 520
* Selecting Security Solutions 520
·Securing the Internet Connection 520
·Securing Internet Domain Name System Services 521
·Logical Network Design and the Internet Connection 521
·IP Security Protocol 521
·Securing Dial-Up Access 522
·Securing Network Services 522
·Securing User Services 523
* Summary 524
* Key Terms 524
Chapter 23 Virtual Private Networks 527
* VPN Operation 527
·VPN Advantages 527
·Types of VPNs 528
·Service-Level Agreements 528
·An Example VPN 529
·VPNs of Network A Sites 529
* VPN Implementation 530
·Security Audit 530
·The Scope and Application Needs 530
·Documentation 530
·Security Policy 530
* The Cisco Systems VPN Design 531
·Tunneling Overview 531
·Cisco Virtual Dial-Up Services 532
·Cisco L2TP Implementation 532
·End-to-End Virtual Dial-Up Process 533
* Highlights of Virtual Dial-Up Service 534
·Authentication and Security 534
·Authorization 534
·Address Allocation 534
·Accounting 534
* Summary 536
* Key Terms 536
Part V Appendixes 539
Appendix A Glossary of Key Terms 540
Appendix B Check Your Understanding Answer Key 541
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