Table of Contents
Part I CCNA 1 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking 2
* Objectives 2
* Additional Topics of Interest 2
* Connecting to the Internet 2
·Requirements for Internet Connection 3
·PC Basics 3
·Network Interface Card 6
·NIC and Modem Installation 7
·Overview of High-Speed and Dialup Connectivity 8
·TCP/IP Description and Con.guration 9
·Testing Connectivity with Ping 9
·Web Browser and Plug-Ins 10
·Troubleshooting Internet Connection Problems 11
* Network Math 11
·Binary Presentation of Data 11
·Bits and Bytes 12
·Base 10 Number System 13
·Base 2 Number System 14
·Converting Decimal Numbers to 8-Bit Binary Numbers 15
·Converting 8-Bit Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers 15
·Four-Octet Dotted-Decimal Representation of a 32-Bit Binary Number 18
·Hexadecimal 18
·Boolean or Binary Logic 20
·IP Addresses and Network Masks 21
* Summary 22
* Key Terms 22
* Check Your Understanding 25
Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentals 27
* Objectives 27
* Additional Topics of Interest 27
* Networking Terminology 28
·Data Networks 28
·Network History 30
·Networking Devices 31
·Network Topology 40
·Network Protocols 44
·Local-Area Networks (LANs) 44
·Wide-Area Networks (WANs) 45
·Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANs) 46
·Storage-Area Networks (SANs) 47
·Virtual Private Network (VPN) 48
·Bene.ts of VPNs 48
·Intranets and Extranets 49
* Bandwidth 49
·Importance of Bandwidth 50
·Analogies 50
·Measurement 51
·Limitations 52
·Throughput 53
·Data Transfer Calculation 54
·Digital Versus Analog 54
* Networking Models 55
·Using Layers to Analyze Problems in a Flow of Materials 55
·Using Layers to Describe Data Communication 56
·OSI Model 57
·OSI Layers 58
·Peer-to-Peer Communications 59
·TCP/IP Model 60
·Detailed Encapsulation Process 61
* Summary 63
* Key Terms 64
* Check Your Understanding 66
Chapter 3 Networking Media 69
* Objectives 69
* Additional Topics of Interest 69
* Copper Media 69
·Atoms and Electrons 70
·Voltage 72
·Resistance and Impedance 72
·Current 73
·Circuits 73
·Cable Speci.cations 75
·Coaxial Cable 76
·STP Cable 79
·UTP Cable 79
* Optical Media 81
·The Electromagnetic Spectrum 82
·Ray Model of Light 83
·Re.ection 84
·Refraction 84
·Total Internal Re.ection 85
·Multimode Fiber 88
·Single-Mode Fiber 89
·Other Optical Components 90
·Signals and Noise in Optical Fibers 92
·Installation, Care, and Testing of Optical Fiber 93
* Wireless Media 99
·Wireless LAN Organization and Standards 99
·Wireless Devices and Topologies 100
·How Wireless LANs Communicate 101
·Authentication and Association 102
·The Radiowave and Microwave Spectrums 103
·Signals and Noise on a WLAN 104
·Wireless Security 104
* Summary 105
* Key Terms 106
* Check Your Understanding 108
Chapter 4 Cabling Testing 110
* Objectives 110
* Additional Topics of Interest 110
* Frequency-Based Cable Testing 110
·Waves 110
·Sine Waves and Square Waves 111
·Exponents and Logarithms 112
·Decibels 113
·Time and Frequency of Signals 113
·Analog and Digital Signals 114
·Noise in Time and Frequency 114
·Bandwidth 115
* Signals and Noise 116
·Signaling Over Copper and Fiber-Optic Cabling 116
·Attenuation and Insertion Loss on Copper Media 118
·Sources of Noise on Copper Media 118
·Types of Crosstalk 119
·Cable Testing Standards 120
·Other Test Parameters 121
·Time-Based Parameters 122
·Testing Optical Fiber 122
·A New Standard 123
* Summary 124
* Key Terms 124
* Check Your Understanding 126
Chapter 5 Cabling LANs and WANs 128
* Objectives 128
* Additional Topics of Interest 128
* Cabling LANs 129
·LAN Physical Layer 129
·Ethernet in the Campus 130
·Ethernet Media and Connector Requirements 131
·Connection Media 132
·UTP Implementation 133
·Repeaters 135
·Hubs 136
·Wireless 136
·Bridges 137
·Switches 138
·Host Connectivity 139
·Peer-to-Peer 140
·Client/Server 142
* Cabling WANs 143
·WAN Physical Layer 143
·WAN Serial Connections 144
·Routers and Serial Connections 145
·Routers and ISDN BRI Connections 147
·Routers and DSL Connections 148
·Routers and Cable Connections 159
·Setting Up Console Connections 150
* Summary 151
* Key Terms 151
* Check Your Understanding 152
Chapter 6 Ethernet Fundamentals 154
* Objectives 154
* Additional Topics of Interest 154
* Ethernet Fundamentals 154
·Introduction to Ethernet 155
·IEEE Ethernet Naming Rules 156
·Ethernet and the OSI Model 157
·Naming 158
·Layer 2 Framing 159
·Ethernet Frame Structure 161
·Ethernet Frame Fields 162
* Ethernet Operation 163
·Media Access Control (MAC) 163
·MAC Rules and Collision Detection/Backoff 165
·Ethernet Timing 167
·Interframe Spacing and Backoff 169
·Error Handling 170
·Types of Collisions 171
·Ethernet Errors 173
·FCS and Beyond 174
·Ethernet Autonegotiation 175
·Link Establishment and Full and Half Duplex 177
* Summary 178
* Key Terms 178
* Check Your Understanding 180
Chapter 7 Ethernet Technologies 182
* Objectives 182
* Additional Topics of Interest 182
* 10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet 182
·10-Mbps Ethernet 183
·10BASE5 185
·10BASE2 187
·10BASE-T 187
·10BASE-T Wiring and Architecture 189
·100-Mbps Ethernet 190
·100BASE-TX 191
·100BASE-FX 193
·Fast Ethernet Architecture 194
* Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet 196
·1000-Mbps Ethernet 196
·1000BASE-T 197
·1000BASE-SX and LX 200
·Gigabit Ethernet Architecture 201
·10-Gigabit Ethernet 202
·10-Gigibit Ethernet Architectures 204
·Future of Ethernet 206
* Summary 207
* Key Terms 208
* Check Your Understanding 209
Chapter 8 Ethernet Switching 210
* Objectives 210
* Ethernet Switching 211
·Layer 2 Bridging 211
·Layer 2 Switching 211
·Switch Operation 213
·Latency 214
·Switch Modes 214
·Spanning-Tree Protocol 215
* Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 217
·Shared Media Environments 217
·Collision Domains 218
·Segmentation 220
·Layer 2 Broadcasts 221
·Broadcast Domains 223
·Introduction to Data Flow 224
·What Is a Network Segment? 225
* Summary 225
* Key Terms 226
* Check Your Understanding 227
Chapter 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing 229
* Objectives 229
* Introduction to TCP/IP 229
·History and Future of TCP/IP 230
·Application Layer 230
·Transport Layer 231
·Internet Layer 232
·Network Access Layer 233
·The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Model 234
·Internet Architecture 234
* Internet Addresses 236
·IP Addressing 236
·Decimal and Binary Conversion 238
·IPv4 Addressing 240
·Class A, B, C, D, and E IP Addresses 241
·Reserved IP Addresses 243
·Public and Private IP Addresses 245
·Introduction to Subnetting 246
·IPv4 Versus IPv6 247
* Obtaining an IP Address 249
·Obtaining an Internet Address 249
·Static Assignment of an IP Address 249
·RARP IP Address Assignment 250
·BOOTP IP Address Assignment 251
·DHCP IP Address Management 252
·Problems in Address Resolution 253
·Address Resolution Protocol 255
* Summary 257
* Key Terms 258
* Check Your Understanding 258
Chapter 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets 261
* Objectives 261
* Routed Protocol 261
·Routable and Routed Protocols 261
·IP as a Routed Protocol 263
·Packet Propagation and Switching Within a Router 264
·Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Delivery 265
·Anatomy of an IP Packet 266
* IP Routing Protocols 267
·Routing Overview 267
·Routing Versus Switching 268
·Routed Versus Routing 270
·Path Determination 272
·Routing Tables 274
·Routing Algorithms and Metrics 275
·IGP and EGP 276
·Link-State and Distance Vector 276
·Routing Protocols 278
* The Mechanics of Subnetting 280
·Classes of Network IP Addresses 280
·Introduction to and Reasons for Subnetting 280
·Establishing the Subnet Mask Address 281
·Applying the Subnet Mask 283
·Subnetting Class A and B Networks 285
·Calculating the Resident Subnetwork Through ANDing 286
* Summary 286
* Key Terms 289
* Check Your Understanding 291
Chapter 11 TCP/IP Transport and Application Layers 293
* Objectives 293
* TCP/IP Transport Layer 293
·Introduction to the TCP/IP Transport Layer 293
·Flow Control 294
·Session Establishment, Maintenance, and Termination 295
·Three-Way Handshake 296
·Windowing 297
·Acknowledgment 298
·Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 299
·User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 300
·TCP and UDP Port Numbers 300
* The Application Layer 302
·Introduction to the TCP/IP Application Layer 302
·DNS 304
·FTP and TFTP 305
·HTTP 306
·SMTP 306
·SNMP 307
·Telnet 307
* Summary 308
* Key Terms 308
* Check Your Understanding 309
Part II CCNA 2 313
Chapter 1 WANs and Routers 314
* Objectives 314
* WANs 314
·Introduction to WANs 314
·Introduction to Routers in a WAN 319
·Router LANs and WANs 319
·Role of Routers in a WAN 329
·Academy Approach to Hands-On Labs 329
* Routers 330
·Router Internal Components 330
·Router Physical Characteristics 334
·Router External Connections 335
·Management Port Connections 335
·Console Port Connections 336
·Connecting Router LAN Interfaces 337
·Connecting WAN Interfaces 338
* Summary 339
* Key Terms 340
* Check Your Understanding 340
Chapter 2 Introduction to Routers 343
* Objectives 343
* Operating Cisco IOS Software 343
·The Purpose of Cisco IOS Software 343
·Router User Interface 344
·Router User Interface Modes 344
·Cisco IOS Software Features 344
·Operation of Cisco IOS Software 347
* Starting a Router 348
·Initial Startup of Cisco Routers 348
·Router LED Indicators 352
·The Initial Router Boot Up 352
·Establish a Console Connection 355
·Router Login 356
·Keyboard Help In the Router CLI 357
·Enhanced Editing Commands 360
·Router Command History 361
·Troubleshooting Command-Line Errors 362
·The show version Command 362
* Summary 363
* Key Terms 363
* Check Your Understanding 364
Chapter 3 Configuring a Router 366
* Objectives 366
* Con.guring a Router 366
·CLI Command Modes 366
·Con.guring a Router Name 372
·Con.guring Router Passwords 372
·Examining the show Commands 373
·Con.guring a Serial Interface 375
·Making Con.guration Changes 376
·Con.guring an Ethernet Interface 377
* Finishing the Con.guration 377
·Importance of Con.guration Standards 377
·Interface Descriptions 378
·Con.guring Interface Description 378
·Login Banners 378
·Con.guring Message-of-the-Day (MOTD) 379
·Host Name Resolution 379
·Con.guring Host Tables 380
·Con.guration Backup and Documentation 380
·Backing Up Con.guration Files 381
* Summary 385
* Key Terms 386
* Check Your Understanding 386
Chapter 4 Learning About Other Devices 388
* Objectives 388
* Discovering and Connecting to Neighbors 388
·Introduction to CDP 388
·Information Obtained with CDP 389
·Showing CDP Neighbors 389
·Implementation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of CDP 391
·Creating a Network Map of the Environment 392
·Disabling CDP 392
·Troubleshooting CDP 392
* Getting Information About Remote Devices 393
·Telnet 393
·Establishing and Verifying a Telnet Connection 393
·Disconnecting and Suspending Telnet Sessions 394
·Advanced Telnet Operation 395
·Alternative Connectivity Tests 395
·Troubleshooting IP Addressing Issues 400
* Summary 400
* Key Terms 401
* Check Your Understanding 401
Chapter 5 Managing Cisco IOS Software 403
* Objectives 403
* Router Boot Sequence and Veri.cation 403
·Stages of the Router Power-On Boot Sequence 403
·How a Cisco Device Locates and Loads IOS 404
·Using the boot system Command 405
·Con.guration Register 406
·Troubleshooting IOS Boot Failure 407
* Managing the Cisco File System 408
·IOS File System Overview 408
·IOS Naming Conventions 410
·Managing Con.guration Files Using TFTP 411
·Managing Con.guration Files Using Copy and Paste 412
·Managing IOS Images Using TFTP 414
·Managing IOS Images with Xmodem 415
·Environmental Variables 418
·File System Veri.cation 419
* Summary 420
* Key Terms 420
* Check Your Understanding 421
Chapter 6 Routing and Routing Protocols 423
* Objectives 423
* Introduction to Static Routing 423
·Introducing Routing 423
·Static Route Operation 424
·Con.guring Static Routes 426
·Con.guring Default Route Forwarding 428
·Verifying Static Route Con.guration 429
·Troubleshooting Static Route Con.guration 429
* Dynamic Routing Overview 430
·Introduction to Routing Protocols 432
·Autonomous Systems 433
·Purpose of a Routing Protocol and Autonomous Systems 433
·Identifying the Classes of Routing Protocols 434
·Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 434
·Link-State Routing Protocol Features 436
·Routing Protocols Overview 438
·Path Determination 441
·Routing Con.guration 442
·Routing Protocols 442
·IGP Versus EGP 443
* Summary 444
* Key Terms 444
* Check Your Understanding 445
Chapter 7 Distance Vector Routing Protocols 447
* Objectives 447
* Distance Vector Routing 448
·Distance Vector Routing Updates 448
·Distance Vector Routing Loop Issues 448
·De.ning a Maximum Count 449
·Eliminating Routing Loops Through Split Horizon 450
·Route Poisoning 450
·Avoiding Routing Loops with Triggered Updates 451
·Preventing Routing Loops with Holddown Timers 452
* RIP 452
·RIP Routing Process 452
·Con.guring RIP 453
·Using the ip classless Command 454
·Common RIP Con.guration Issues 455
·Verifying RIP Con.guration 457
·Troubleshooting RIP Update Issues 458
·Preventing Routing Updates Through an Interface 460
·Load Balancing with RIP 460
·Load Balancing Across Multiple Paths 461
·Integrating Static Routes with RIP 462
* IGRP 464
·IGRP Features 464
·IGRP Metrics 465
·IGRP Routes 466
·IGRP Stability Features 466
·Con.guring IGRP 467
·Migrating RIP to IGRP 468
·Verifying IGRP Con.guration 470
·Troubleshooting IGRP 471
* Summary 472
* Key Terms 473
* Check Your Understanding 474
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages 4796
* Objectives 476
* Additional Topics of Interest 476
* Overview of TCP/IP Error Messages 476
·Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 477
·Error Reporting and Error Correction 477
·ICMP Message Delivery 478
·Unreachable Networks 478
·Using ping to Test Destination Reachability 479
·Detecting Excessively Long Routes 482
·Echo Messages 482
·Destination Unreachable Message 482
·Miscellaneous Error Reporting 483
* Overview of TCP/IP Suite Control Messages 484
·Introduction to Control Messages 485
·ICMP Redirect/Change Requests 485
·Clock Synchronization and Transit Time Estimation 485
·Information Requests and Reply Message Formats 486
·Address Mask Requests 487
·Router Discovery Message 488
·Router Solicitation Message 489
·Congestion and Flow Control Messages 489
* Summary 490
* Key Terms 490
* Check Your Understanding 491
Chapter 9 Basic Router Troubleshooting 492
* Objectives 492
* Examining the Routing Table 492
·The show ip route Command 493
·Determining the Gateway of Last Resort 493
·Determining the Route Source and Destination 494
·Determining L2 and L3 Addresses 494
·Determining the Route Administrative Distance 495
·Determining the Route Metric 495
·Determining the Route Next Hop 496
·Determining the Last Routing Update 496
·Observing Multiple Paths to Destination 498
* Network Testing 498
·Introduction to Network Testing 499
·Using a Structured Approach to Troubleshooting 499
·Testing by OSI Layers 499
·Layer 1 Troubleshooting Using Indicators 501
·Layer 3 Troubleshooting Using ping 502
·Layer 7 Troubleshooting Using Telnet 503
* Troubleshooting Router Issues Overview 504
·Troubleshooting Layer 1 Using show interfaces 504
·Troubleshooting Layer 2 Using show interfaces 506
·Troubleshooting Using show cdp 507
·Troubleshooting Using traceroute 507
·Troubleshooting Routing Issues Using show ip route and show ip protocols 408
·Troubleshooting Using show controllers 510
·Introduction to debug 510
* Summary 511
* Key Terms 512
* Check Your Understanding 512
Chapter 10 Intermediate TCP/IP 514
* Objectives 514
* Additional Topics of Interest 514
* TCP Operation 518
·TCP Operation 518
·Synchronization or 3-Way Handshake 518
·Denial-of-Service Attacks 519
·Windowing and Window Size 520
·Sequencing Numbers 522
·Positive Acknowledgments (ACK) 523
·UDP Operation 523
* Overview of Transport Layer Ports 524
·Multiple Conversations Between Hosts 585
·Ports for Services 526
·Ports for Clients 526
·Port Numbering and Well-Known Port Numbers 527
·Example of Multiple Sessions Between Hosts 527
·Comparison of MAC Addresses, IP Addresses, and Port Numbers 527
* Summary 529
* Key Terms 529
* Check Your Understanding 530
Chapter 11 Access Control Lists (ACLs) 532
* Objectives 532* Additional Topics of Interest 532
* Access Control List Fundamentals 532
·Introduction to ACLs 533
·How ACLs Work 535
·Creating ACLs 536
·The Function of a Wildcard Mask 538
·Verifying ACLs 540
* Access Control Lists 541
·Standard ACLs 541
·Extended ACLs 543
·Named ACLs 548
·Placing ACLs 551
·Firewalls 551
·Restricting Virtual Terminal Access 552
* Summary 553
* Key Terms 553
* Check Your Understanding 554
Appendix A Structured Cabling 556
Appendix B Check Your Understanding Answer Key 557
Appendix C Glossary of Key Terms 563
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