财务会计学：第六版

    
    Brief Contents
   Part l Flnanclal Reportlng and the Accountlng Cycle
    1 Accounting Information: Users and Uses
    2 Financial Statements: An Overview
    3 Transactions and the Accounting Cycle
    4 Completing the Accounting Cycle
    Appendix A: Using a Work Shee
    Appendix B: Special Journals
    5 The Integrity of Financial Information
   Part 2 Operatlng Actlvltles
    6 Selling a Product or Service
    7 Purchasing Inventory for Resale
    8 Completing the Operating Cycle
   Part 3 Investlng and Flnanclng Actlvltles
    9 Investments in Property, Plant, and Equipment; Intangible
    Assets; and Natural Resources
    lO Long-Term Debt Financing
    l l Equity Financing
    l 2 Investments in Deb and Equity Securities
   Part 4 Other Dlmenslons of Flnanclal Reportlng
    l 3 The Statement ofCash Flows
    14 Financial Reporting and Analysis
   Appendlx: PepslCo, Inc. 3.993 Annual Report
   Glossary
   Index
   Check Figures
    PARTl
    FINANCIAL REPORTING AND
    THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE
   1 Accountlng Information: Users and Uses
    The Purpose of Accounting
    The Relationship of Accounting to Busines
    Users ofAccounting Information
    The Environment of Accounting
    The Signiflcance and Dwelopment ofGAAP
    Intemational Business
    Ethics in Accounting
    Career Opportunities in Accounting
    Public Accounting
    Industry
    Government and Uther Nonprofit Organization
    Educational Preparation
   2 Flnanclal Statements: An Overvlew
    Fundamental Concepts and Assumptions Underlying
    Financial Accounting
    The Separate Entity Concept
    The Assumption of Arm's-Length Transactians
    The Cost Principle
    The Monetaiy Measurent Concept
    The Going Concern Assumption
    Double-Entry Accounting
    Primary Financial Statements
    The Balance Sheet
    The Income Statement
    The Sfatement ofCash Flows
    Relaoonships Among Financial Statement Items
    How the Financial Statements Tie Together
    Notes to Financial Statements
    The A.udit Report
   3 Transactlons and the Accountlng Cycle
    The Process ofTransforming Transaction Data into
    Useful Accounting Information
    The Basic Accounting Equation
    Using Accounts to Categorize Transactiow
    Expanding the Accounting Equation to Include Revenues
    Expenses, and Dividends
    The First Four Steps in the Accounting Cycle
    Step 1. Analyze Transactions andBusiness Documents
    Slep 2. Joumalize Transactions
    Step 3. PostJoumal Entries to Accoums
    Step 4. Determine Account Balances and Prepare a Trial
    Balance
    Where Do Computers Fit in All This?
    Illustration ofthe First Pour Steps in the Accounting
    Cycle
   4 Completing the Accountlng Cycle
    Additional Characteristics ofthe Accounting
    Model
    Periodic Reporting
    Accrual Accounting
    Accrual- Versus Cash-Basis Accounting
    Adjusting Entries (Step 5 ofthe Accounting Cycle)
    Vnrecorded Revenues
    Vnrecorded Expenses
    Prepaid Expenses
    Uneamed Revenues
    Preparing Financial Statements
    The Closing Process
    Real and Nominal Accounts
    Closing Entries
    Closing the Dividends Account
    Preparing a Post-Closing Trial Balance
    A Summary of the Accounting Cycle
    Expi
    KlMa
    Alternative Approaches for Adjusting Entries
    An Altemative Approach to Adjustments for Prepaid
    Expmses
    An Altemative Approach to Adjustments fm Vneamed
    Revenues
    Concluding Comment,
    Appendix A: Using a Work Sheet
    Appendix B: Special Joumals
   5 The Integrtty of Flnanclal Informatlon
    Types ofErrors in the Financial Reporting Process
    Errors in Transactions andJournal Entries
    Errors in Accouats and Ledgers
    Errors in Trial Balances and Financial Statemwts
    Safeguards in the Financial Reporting Process
    Intemal Control Structure
    Intemal Auditors
    Extemal Auditdrs
    Securities and Exchange Commission
   PART2
   OPERATlNG ACTlVlTlES
   6 Selllng a Product or Servlce
    Major Functions ofa Business
    Revenues
    Recognizing Revenue w Credit Sale
    Some Real- World Examples
    Accounting for Receivables .
    Accounts Receivable
    Assessing How Well Organization Manage Their
    Receivables
    Expanded Materlal
    Credit Card Sales
    Notes Receivable
    Discounting Nofes Receivable
    Estimating Uncollectible Accounts Receivable as a
    Percentage ofCredit Sales
    Selling or "Factoring" Receivables
    7 Purchaslng Inventory for Resale
    Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold
    The Proper Measurement oflnventory and Cost ofGood
    Sold
    The Effects oflnventory andCost ofGood Sold
    Errors
    Other Factors Affecting the Proper Measureimnt oflnven-
    tory and Cost ofGoods Sold
    Real-World Examples oflnvenlory
    The Perpetual Method ofAccounting for Invencory and
    Cost of Goods Sold
    Purcbose Discounts
    Transpwtation Costs
    Inventory Cost Flows
    Specific Idmttfication Inventory Costing
    Assumed Inventory Cost Flows
    A Comparison of All Imventory Costing Methods
    Taking a Physical Count oflnventory
    Closing Entry for Cost ofGwds Sold
    Assessing How Well Organizations Manage Their
    inventories
    Expanded Materfal
    The Periodic Inventory Method
    Purchase Discounts
    Purchase Retums and Allowances
    Transportation Costs
    Calwlating Cost ofGoods Sold With the Periodi
    Method
    Periodic Imentory Cost Flow Assumptions
    Closing Entriesfor Inventory-Related Accounts Under the
    Periodic Inventory Method
    A Comparison ofthe Inventory Costing Alternative
    Reporting Inventory at Amounts Below Cost
    Inventory Valued at Net Realizable Value
    Inventory Valued at Lower ofCost or Market
    Methods of Estimating Inventories
    The Gross Margin Method
    The Retail Inventory M.ethod
    8 Completing the Operatlng Cycle
    Salary Expenses and Liabilities
    Taxes on Operations
    Sales Taxes
    Property Taxes
    Income Taxes
    Miscellaneous Operating Expenses
    Prepaid Expenses
    Accrued Expenses
    Obligations to Perform Services
    Summarizing Operations on an Income Statement
    Other Revenues and Expenses
    Extraordinary Items
    Earnings per Share
    Accounting for Cash
    Control ofCash
    Reconciling the Bank Account
    Operating Cycle Ratios
    Current Ratio
    Acid-Test Ratio
    Other Measures ofLiquidity
    Some Reat-World Examples
    Expanded Material
    Accounting for Petty Cash
    PART3
    iNVESTlNG AND FINANClNG ACTlVlTlES
    9 Investments In Property, Plant, and Equlp-
    ment; Intanglble Assets; and Natural Re-
    sources
    Nature ofOperating Assets
    Accounting for Property, Plant, and Equipment
    Acquisitions ofProperty, Plant, and Eqmpment
    Some Real-World Examples
    Allocating the Cost of Plant and Equipment to
    Expense
    Repairing and Improving Plant and Equipment
    Disposal ofProperty, Plant, and Equipment
    Discarding Prtiperty, Plant, and Equipmmt
    Selling Property, Plant, and Equipment
    Accounting for Intangible Assets
    Patents
    Pranchises and License
    Goodwill
    Accounting for Natural Resources
    Expanded Materlal
    Accelerated Depreciation Methods
    Declining-Balance Method of Depreciation
    Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Method of Depreciation
    A Comparison of Depredation Methods
    Changes in Depreciation Estimates
    Exchanging Property, Plant, and Equipment
    Gain On the Exchange ofSimilar Operating Assets
    Loss on the Exchange ofSimilar Operating Assets
    Exchanges ofDissimilar Assets
    lO Long-Term Debt Financlng
    Measuring Long-Term Liabilities
    Present Value and Puture Value Concept
    The Present Value ofan Annuity
    Accounting for Long-Term Liabilities
    Interest-Bearing Notes
    Mortgage Payable
    Lease Obligations
    The Nature of Bonds
    Types ofBonds
    Characteristics ofBonds
    Determining a Bond's Issuance Price
    Accountingfor Bonds Payable Issued at Face Value
    Bond Retirements at Maturity
    Bond Retirements Before Maturity
    Other Long-Term Liabilities
    Deferred Income Taxes
    Pension Liabilities
    Expanded Materlal
    -Bonds Issued at a Discount or at a Premium
    Accounting for Bonds Issued at a Discount
    Accounttng for Bonds Issued at a Premium
    Effective-lnterut Amwttzation
    Bonds Issued Between Interest Dates
    11 Equlty Flnanclng
    Corporations and Corporate Stock
    Characteristics of a Corporation
    The Stock of a Corpwation
    Accounting for Stock
    Issuance ofPar-Value Stock and No-Par Stock with
    Stated Value
    Issuance ofNo-Par Stock Without a Stated Vaiue
    Accounting for Treasury Stock
    Reporting Stock on the Balance Sheet
    Some Real-World Examples
    Using Equity and Debt Financing Ratios to Assess the
    Liquidity ofa Company
    Distributions to Stockholders
    Types ofDividends
    Accounting for Cash Dividends
    Accounting for Retained Earnings
    Statement ofStockholders' Equity
    Expanded Materlal
    Accounting for Stock Dividends
    Stock Splits
    Prior-Period Adjustments
    The Statement ofRetained Earnings
    Characteristics Shared by Proprietorships and
    Partnerships
    Ease of Formation
    Limited Life
    Unlimited Liabilily
    Characteristics Unique to Partnerships
    Mutual Agency
    Co-Ownership of Partnershtp Properly
    Sharing of Partnership Profits
    Proprietorship and Partnership Accounting
    Accounting for Equity Financing in a Proprietorship
    Accounting for Equity Pinancing in a Partnership
    Porming a Partnershtp
    Partners' Drawing Accounts
    The Statement ofPartners' Capital
    12 Investments in Debt and Equlty
    Securltles 507
    Why Companies Invest in Other Companies
    Classifying a Security
    Held-to-Maturity Securities
    Equity Method Securities
    Trading and Availdble-for-Sale Securitie
    Why the Different Classifications?
    Accounting for Trading and Available-for-Sale
    Securities
    Accounting for the Purchase of Securities
    Accounting for the Retum Earned on an Inveslment
    Accounting for the Sale ofSecurties
    Accounting for Changes in the Value of Securities
    Changes in the Value ofTrading Securities
    Changes in the Value of Available-for-Sale Securitie
    Subsequent Changes in Value
    Expanded Material
    Accounting for Held-to-Maturity Securities
    Accounting for the Initial Purchase
    Accounting for Bonds Purchased Betwew Interest Dates
    Accountingfor the Amortization ofBond Discount and
    Premiums
    Accountingfm the Sale or Maturity ofBond Investment
    Accounting for Equity Investments Using the Equity
    Method
    Illustrating the Equity Method
    PART4
    OTHER DlMENSlONS OF FlNANClAL
    REPORTlNG
    13 The Statement of Cash Flows
    Purposes ofa Statement ofCash Flows
    Information Reported in the Statement
    ofCash Flows
    Major Classifications ofCash Flows
    Noncasb Investing and Financing Activities
    The Direct and Indirect Methods of Reporting
    Operating Cash Flows
    The Indirect Method
    The Direct Method .
    Comparing the Direct and Indirect Methods
    Recommendation ofFASB Statement No. 95
    Usefulness ofCash Flow Statements
    Historical Perspective
    Importance ofCash Plow Analysis
    Expanded Material
    Preparing a Statement ofCash Flows
    The Indinxt Method lllustrated
    The Direct Method lllustrated
    14 Flnanclal Reportlng and Analysls
    Reasons for Financial Statement Analysis
    Imestment and Credit Decisiow
    Managerial Decisions
    Regulatory Decisions
    Overview of Financial Statement Analysis
    Some Basic Techniques
    Key Relationships
    Operating Performance
    income Statement Vertical Analysis
    Income Statement Horizontal Analysis
    Asset Turnover
    Balance Sheet Vertical Analysis
    Balance Sheet Horizsntal Analysis
    Balance Sheet Ratto Analysis
    Debt-Equity Management
    Return on Stockholders' Equity
    Eamings per Share
    Price-Eamings Ratio
    Using the Statement ofCash Flows as an
    Analysis Tool
    Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis
    Use ofEstimates
    Changes in Values and Price Levels
    Ratios as a Basisfor Comparison
    Expanded Material
    Additional Ratios to Measure Asset Tumover
    Debt-Equity Management, and Return on
    Stockholders' Equity
    Working Capital Tumover
    Property, Plant, andEquipment Turnover
    Debf-Equity Management
    Dividead Payout Ratio
    BookValueperShan
    Retum on Total Assets
    Appendlx: PepslCo, Inc. 1993 Annual Report
    Glossary
    Index
    CheckFlgures