lntroduction xxvii
Document Conventions xxviii
Resource Kit ComPact Disc xxviii
Resource Kit Support PoIicy xxix
Resource Kit Support PoIicy xxix
Part 1 Strage, FiIe Systems, and Printing
Chapter1 Disk ConcePts and Troubleshooting
Basic and Dynandc Disks
Basic and Dynandc Disks
Terms
Features of Basic Disk
Features of Dynandc Disk
Features Common to Both Basic and Dynandc Disks
Disk Sectors Critical to Startup
Master Boot Record
Master Boot Code
Panition Table
Extended Boot Record
Boot Sector
Boot Sector Startup Processes
Components of a Boot Sector
FATl Boot Sector
FATl Boot Sector
FAT Boot Sector
NTFS Boot Sector
Protecting the Boot Sector
Troubleshooting Disk Problems
Viruses
MBR Viruses
Boot Sector Viruses
How MBR and Boot Sector Viruses Affect Windows 2000
Treating an MBR or Boot Sector Virus Infection
Damaged MBRs and Boot Sectors
Using an Emergency Repair Disk
Using the Recovery Console
Other Disk Problems
Stop0x0000007B - Inaccessible Boot Device
Volume Displays as Unknown
CMOS Problems
Cables and Connectors
Additional Resources
Chapter2 Data Storage and Manaement
Overview of Data Management
Current Trends
Storage Features
Removable Storage
Remote Storage
Disk Management
Disk Quotas
Removable Storage
Removable Storage Service
Removable Storage Database
Removable Storage Snap-in
Basic Concepts
Media
Physicalocations
Media Pools
Work Queue
Operator Requests
Media Identification and Nandng
On-media Identifiers
Duplicate Copies of Media
Bar Codes
Media Names
Media Change Detection
Media Handling and Usage
Media States
Side States
State Transitions
Free Media
Adndnistering Removable Storage
Device Support
Installing and Configuring Removable Storage-Aware Applications
Preparing Media
Using Operator Requests in Removable Storage
Security
Controlling the Service
Service Startup Tasks
Device Configuration
Database Backup and Recovery
Using the RemovabIe Storage Snap-in
Scripting
TroubIeshooting
Remote Storage
Basic Concepts
Benefits
Local Storage Management
Disk Management Attribute
Manage Files
Remove Volume From Management
Automatic File Truncation
ScheduIed File Truncation
Validate Managed Files
LocaI Storage
First Read, Write, and Memory Map
NTFS "File Open"
Runaway Recall Detection and Prevention
DeIetion of a Prendgrated FiIe or Placeholder
Renandng, Moving, or Copying PIaceholders and Prendgrated Files
VoIume Decowission grated Files
Restoring PIaceholders from Backup and Disconnected Placeholders
Interaction with other Reparse Point Types
Placeholders Binding to a Specific Remote Storage
Windows 2000 Security Integration
File Collocation
RePlication
Remote Storage Engine
FIow Meter CaPacity Metric
Storage PooI
HandIing of Physically Full Remote Storage
SheIf Media
Media Status andocation
Upgrading Remote Storageibraries
Adndnistering Disk Quotas
Enabling Disk Quotas
Local and Remote Implementations
Auditing Disk Space Use
Exceeding Disk Quota.indts
Additional Resources
Chapter3 File Systems
About Windows 2000 File Systems
FAT File System
FAT File System
FAT File System
File Names on FAT Volumes
Using FAT with Windows 2000
The NTFS File System
Multiple Data Streams
Reparse Points
Change Joumal
Encryption
Sparse File Support
Disk Quotas
Distributedink-Trackingl
Converting to Windows 2000 File Systems
Multiple Booting of Windows NT and Windows 2000
Windows NT CQmpatibility with the Version of NTFS Included with
Windows 2000
Cleanup Operations on Windows NT Volumes
Structure of an NTFS Volume
Boot Sector
Master File Table and Metadata
NTFS File Attributes
MS-DOS-Readable File Names on NTFS Volumes
Usingong File Names
Compact Disc File System
Universal Disk Format
Comparing FATl, FAT, and NTFS
ComParing FAT File Systemsl
FATl vs. FATl
Advantages of FATll
Disadvantages of FATl
Advantages of FAT
Disadvantages of FAT
Advantages of NTFS
Disadvantages of NTFS
Formatting the System Partition in.Multiple-Boot Configurations
Which Is Faster - FATl, FAT, or NTFS?
Maximum Volume Sizes
Maximum Sizes on FATl Volumes
Maximum Sizes on FAT Volumes
Maximum Sizes on NTFS Volumes
Controlling Access to Files and Folders
POSIX Compliance
File and Folder Compression
Compressing and Decompressing Folders and Files
Using the Compact Program
Effects of Compression on Moving and Copying Files
Moving Files or Folders on NTFS Volumes
Copying Files or Folders on NTFS Volumes
Moving and Copying Files Between FATl, FAT, and NTFS Volumes
Adding Files to an Almost Full NTFS Volume
NTFS Compression Algorithm
Compression PerfOrmance
Other ComPression Methods
NTFS Recoverability
Recovering Data with NTFS
Caching and Data Recovery
Cluster Remapping
Features Built on Reparse Points
Remote Storage
Volume Mount Points
File System Toolsl
Cacls; Displays and Modifies NTFS Access Controlists
ComPact Compresses and Decompresses NTFS Files and Folders
Volume Compression Requirements
Compress f Compresses Files or Folders
Convert: Converts a Volume frOm FAT to NTFS
Free Space Required to Convert FAT to NTFS
Converting NTFS and FAT Volumes
DirUse: Scans a Directory and Reports On Disk Space Usage
Expand: Expands Compressed Files
Mountvol: Displays, Creates, and Deletes Volume Mount Points
Additional Resources
Chapter 4 NetWork Printing
Introduction to Network Printingl
Print Devices, Print Clients, Printers, and Print Serversl
Local and Remote Printing
Web Printing
Aichitecture
GraPhics Device Interface
Printer Driver
Client Spoolerl
Remote Print Providerl
Print Router
Print Server Service
Server Spooler
Local Print Provider
Print Processor
RAW Data Type
NT EMF.x Data Type
TEXT Data Type
Print Monitors
Language Monitor
Local Port Monitor
Remote Port Monitors
Sharing Printers
Local Printing
Add Printer Wizard
Plug and Play
Forwarding Print Jobsl
Remote Printing
Prerequisites
Print Server Protocols Used
Port Installation Procedure
Reconfiguration
Status Reporting
Internet Printing
Prerequisites
Installing a Printer from a Web Page
Information Displays in HTML
Security for Internet Printing
Earlier Network-Interface ronting
Prerequisites
Creating a Port
Working with Other Operating Systemsl
Printing from Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Clientsl
Innting from Other Microsoft Print Clients
Required Redirectors
Output Destination Rules
Printing with UNIX Clients and Servers UsingPR/LPD
Printing Documents Received Through thePD Utility
Sending Documents Through thePR Utility
bonting with NetWare Clients and Servers
Printing Documents from NetWare Clients
Sending Documents to a NetWare Network
Printing with Macintosh Clients and AppleTalk Printers
Printing Documents from Macintosh Clients
Sending Documents over AppleTalk
Printing and Active Directory
Printing and Directory Service Overview
Publishing Windows 2000 Printers
PUblishing Mechanism
Pruning Orphans
Sites Without Domain Controllers
Supporting Non-Windows 2000 Printers
Group Policy Settings
Printerocation Tracking
Printing and Clusters
Creating the SpooIer
Prerequisites
Specifying the Resource
lnstalling Printing ComPonents
Adding a Printer to a Cluster
What HaPPens, at Failover
Monitoring Printer Performance
Using System Monitor
Auditing Printing Events
Logging Spooler Events
UtiIities
rundIl32
PrnAdndn
Part 2 PerfOrmance Monitorino
Chapter 5 verview of PerfOrmance Monitoring
PerfOrmance Monitoring Concepts
Scope of Performance Data
Thrughput Dfined
Queue Defined
Response Time Defined
Data Collection Architecture
Performance Objects
Performance Counters and Instances
Data ColIection and Reporting
Monitoring TooIs
System Monitor
Starting System Monitor
Working with System Monitor
Getting the Most from System Monitor
Performanceogs and Alert
Stariing Performanceogs and Alerts
gs and Alerts
Working withogs and Alerts
Getting the Most frOm Performanceogs and Alerts
Task Manager
ComPedson with System Monitor
Starting Task Manager
Working with Task Manager
Monitoring PrOcesses
Monitoring the System
Resource Kit Performance Tools
Starting Your Monitoring Routine
Your Minimum Monitoring Configuration
Establishing the Baseline
Analyzing Monitoring Results
Identifying Potential Bottlenecks
lnvestigating Bottlenecks
Troubleshooting Problems with Performance Tools
Investigating Zero Values
Investigating Other Issues with Performance Tools
Controlling Performance Monitoring O\!erhead
Specific Monitoring Scenarios
Monitoring Remote ComPuters
Methods of Monitoring
Security Issues
Monitoring Servers and Services
Characterizing Server Workload
Establishing a Baseline on Server ComPuters
Upgrading Servers and CaPacity Planning
Monitoringegacy Applications
Monitoring -bit Windows 2000 Applications
Running-bit Windows 2000 Applications in a Separate Process
Monitoring MS-DOS Applications
Integrating the System Monitor Control into Office and Other APplications
Placing the Control in an Office Document or on a Web Page
Formatting the Control in a Document
Chapter 6 Evaluating Memory and Cache Usage
Overview of Memory Monitoring
Detendning the Amount of Installed Memory
Understanding Memory and the File System Cache
OptiInizing Your Memory Configuration
Adjusting Paging File Size
Establishing a Baseline for Memory
Virtual Memory Usage
Default Services Memory ConsumPtionl
Investigating Memory Problems
Investigating Memory Shortages
Investigating Disk Paging
Confindng Hard Page Faults
Assessing the Effect of Page Faults on the Disk
Investigating User-Mode Memoryeaks
Identifying a Memoryeak
Memoryeaks and the Nonpaged Pool
Investigating Kernel-Mode Memoryeaks
Monitoring the Cache
Understanding the Cache Counters
Interpreting Changes in Cache Counter Values
Resolving Memory and Cache Bottlenecks
Optindzing Cache Usage
Resolving a Memory Bottleneck
Additional Resources
Chapter 7 AnaIyzing Processor Activity
Overview of Processor Monitoring and Analysis
Processor Counters
Resource Kit Tools for Processor Monitoring
Establishing a Baseline for Processor Performance
Selecting Counters for Baseline Monitoring
Selecting Times fOr Baseline Monitoring
Recognizing a Processor Bottleneck
Exandning the Processor Time Counter
Observing Processor Queueength
Monitoring Interrupts
Monitoring Context Switches
Processes in a Bottleneck
Identifying Active Processes
Isolating Processor-Intensive Workloads
Reducing Single-Process Bottlenecks
Observing Processor Consumption by Multiple Processes
Threads in a Bottleneck
Single vs. Multiple Threads in a Bottleneck
Charting Processor Usage Per Thread
Context Switches
User Mode and Privileged Mode
Advanced Topic: Changing Thread Priority to ImProve Performance
Exandning and Adjusting Thread Priority
Priority Class and Priority
Thread Scheduling
Detendning and Tuning Priority
System Monitor
Task Manager
Process Viewer
Start Command
Windows 2000 Configuration and Process Priority
Testing Priority Changes
Elindnating a Processor Bottleneck
Additional Resources
ChaPter 8 Examining and Tuning Disk Performance
Disk Monitoring Concepts
Configuring the Disk and File System for PerfOrmance
Configuring Your File System
Bypassing I/O Counts
Configuring Disk Alignment
Working with Disk Counters
Monitoring Disk Space
Monitoring Disk Effciency
Preparing fOr Comparison Testing
Testing Maximum Throughput
Testing Reading vs. Writing
Establishing a Baseline for Disk Usage
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Investigating Disk PerfOrmance Problems
Monitoring Paging
Monitoring Usage
Monitoring Queueength
Resolving Disk Bottlenecks
Evaluating Cache and Disk Usage by Applications
Random and Sequential Data Access
I/O Request Size
Investigating Disk Usage by Applications
ChaPter 9 Monitoring NatWork Performance
Introduction to Network Performance Analysis
Tools for Monitoring Network PerfOrmance
System Monitor
Network Counters
Traceogs
Network Monitor
Network Monitor Features
Installing Network Monitor
Capturing Frame Data
Displaying Captured Data
Reviewing Captured Data
Network Monitor PerfOrmance Issues
Resolving Network Bottlenecks
Adding Network Adapters
ChaPter10 Measuring Multiprocessor System Activity
Overview of SMP Performance and Monitoring
Benefits of Scaling
Analyzing Performance on SMP Systems
SMP Impact on System Resources
Monitoring Activity on Multiprocessor Systems
Examining Processor Time Data
Observing Processor Queueength
Analyzing Intemipt and DPC Activity
Monitoring Context Switches and Threads
Optimizing and Tuning Multiprocessor Installations
Thread Partitioning
DPC (Software Intemipt) Partitioning
Hardware Intenupt Partitioning
Bypassing I/O Counts
Upgrading or Adding Processors
Application Design and Multiprocessor Performance
Networkoad Balancing and Scaling
Part 3 System Recovery
Chapter11 PIanning a ReIiabIe Configuration
Planning Considerations
Approaches to Planning
System Maintenance
Planning for Security
Hardware and Software Upgrades
Contingency Planning
Disaster Planning
Assessing the Probability of Failure
Estimating Replacement Costs
Planning Tasks
Maintaining Configuration and System Information
Developing a Recovery Plan
Teshng Your System fOr Possible Problems
Testing Recovery Procedures
Documenting Recovery Procedures
fraining Personnel for Recovery
Creating a Set of Windows 2000 Setup Floppy Disks
Creating a Windows 2000 Startup Floppy Disk
Planning a Fault-Tolerant Disk Configuration
Dynandc Disks and Disk Groups
Converting Basic Disks to Dynandc Disks
Moving Disks
Connecting New Disks to a Computer
Importing Foreign Disks
Simple Volumes
Spanned Volumes
Striped Volumes
Striped Volumes
Mirrored Volumes
Advantages of Mirrored Volumes
Disadvantages of Mirrored Volumes
RAID- Volumes
Advantages of RAID- Volumes
Disadvantages of RAID- Volumes
Configuring and Using Mirmred Volumes and RAID- Volumes
Creating a Mirmred Volume or RAID- Volume
Configuring the System Partition on a Mirmred Volume
Guidelines for Configuring Mass Storage
Using Mirrored and RAID- Volumes
Fault-Tolerant Hardware Versus Software
Testing a Fault-Tolerant System
Avoiding Single Points of Failure
Avoiding Computer Cotoponent Failure
Motherboard and Central Processing Unit
RAM
Video Cards
Disks and Disk Controllers
Network Cards
Using an Unintenuptible Power Supply
Avoiding Disruptions to Network Connections
Network Cabling
Intermediary Devices
Extemal Network Connections
Additional Resources
Chapter12 Backup
Overview of Backups
Backup Types
Storage Devices and Media
Storage Devices
Media Types
Backup Strategies
Security Considerations
Backup and Restore Rights
Granting Rights atarge Sites
File PerInissions
Storing Backup Media
. Establishing a Backup Plan
Backup Scenarios
Small and MediumANs
Methods for -Hour Operations or Veryarge Backups
Establishing a Backup Schedule
Twelve-Week Schedule
Twelve-Month Schedule
Developing Backup and Restore Procedures
Considerations for Developing Procedures
Testing Backup-and-Restore Procedures
Documenting Backup-and-Restore Procedures
Conducting Verify Operations
Backing Up System State Data
Boot and System Files
Active Directory
Certificate Services Information
Cluster Database
Registry
Performance Counter Configuration
Component Services Class Registration Database
Using Backup
Selecting Backup Type
Selecting Backup Media
Files Skipped During Backup
Files Skipped by Default
Locked Files
Encrypted Files
Backing Up Files on Yourocal Computer
Logon Scripts
User Data
Application Programs
Archived Data
Backing Up Files on Remote Computers
Backing Up Windows 2000 Services and NTFS Features
Remote Storage Considerations
Backing Up Remote Storage Databases
Protecting Remote Storage Media
Remote Storage Self Backup
Exchange Database
Bacldng up Exchange
Restoring Exchange
SQL Database Backup
Logical Volume Information
ChaPter 13 Repair, Recovery, and Restore
Repairing a Windows 2000 Installation
Using the Recovery Console
Starting the Recovery Console
Supported Commands
Replacing the Registry Using the Recovery Console
Recreating Boot.ini Using the Recovery Console
Using the Emergency Repair Disk
Creating the Emergency Repair Disk
Emergency Recovery Process
If the Emergency Repair Process Does Not Fix Your System
Restoring System State Data
Restoring the Registry
Restoring Data
Restoring Files from Third-Party Backup Programs
Restoring File Security Settings
Recovering Your Disk Configuration
Recovering a Mirrored or RAID- Volume
Recovering a Mirrored Volume
Repairing a Basic Mirrored Volume
Replacing a Failed Mirror
Breaking a Mirmred Volume
Deleting Mirrored Volumes on a Basic Disk
ResynchrOnizing Mirrored Volumes
Removing Mirrored Volumes
Recovering a RAID- Volume
Replacing a Stripe in the RAID- Volume
Deleting a RAID- Volume on a Basic Disk
Repairing a RAID- Volume on a Basic Disk
Recovering Data in Remote Storage
Using Rstore.exe
Restoring the Remote Storage and Removable Storage Databases
Restoring the Removable Storage Databases
Restoring the Remote Storage Database After Completely Reinstalling
Windows 2000
Restoring a Damaged Remote Storage Database
Recovering Managed Files
Recovering from Bad Media
Additional Resources
Part 4 TroubIeshooting
Chapter 14 Troubleshooting Strategies
Technical Support and Services
Project Ascent
Other Resources
Troubleshooting Tools for Windows 2000
System Information
System InfOrmation Categories
Tools Menu
Device Manager
AVBoot
System File Checker
Windows 2000 Update
NetDiag
IPConfig
NBTStat
PathPing
IPSecMon
Troubleshooting Options
Stop Messages
Event Viewer
Eventogs
Event Descriptions
Viewing Events
Error and Event Messages Help
System Monitor
Troubleshooters
Anowledge Base
Windows 2000 Registry
Registry Editors
Updating Registry Information
Troubleshooting with the Registry
HKEYOCAL MACHINE\SYSTEM
Using theastKnownGood Configuration
Select Subkey
Finding Service and Device Dependencies
Troubleshooting Suggestions
Keep Records
KeeD Notes
Refer to Documentation
Finding Information About the Problem
Setting up the System for Further Troubleshooting
Local Stop File Creation
Sending the Dump File to Product Support Services
Troubleshooting Techniques
Follow the System Checklist
Analyzing Symptom and Factors
Checking for Conunon Issues
Isolating the Source of the Problem
Troubleshooting Ideas
Test the Affected Feature
Developing an Action Plan
Contacting Technical Support Services
Troubleshooting Hardware Problems
Hardware Compatibilityist
Other Approaches to Troubleshooting Hardware Problems
Troubleshooting Specific Problems
Troubleshooting Setup
Troubleshooting Stop Messages
Troubleshooting the Startup Process
Troubleshooting Networking Ptoblems
Troubleshooting Video Problems
Troubleshooting Services and Drivers
Troubleshooting Problems with Portable Computers
Additional Resources
Chapter 15 Startup Process
Windows 2000 Startup Requirements
Starting Windows 2000
Power-On Self Test Process
Initial Startup Process
Bootstrapoader Process
Signature() Syntax
NTLDR
Selecting the Operating System
Boot．ini SwitChes
Editing Boot．ini
Detecting Hardware
goading and Inltlalizing the Kemel
Selecting the Control Set
Loading Device Dnvers
Initializing Device Driers
Error Processing
Logging On to Windows 2000
Troubleshooting Startup Problems
Doblem Occurs Before the pootstrap Loader Starts
Doblem Occurs After the pootstrap Loader Starts
Hardware Problems
OptlonstoUsewhen asystemDoes Notstart
Safe Mode
Recovery Console
Emergency Repair Disk
Additional Resources
Chapter l6 Windows 2000 Stop Messages
System Messages
Stop Messages
Stop Message Screen Sections
Bugcheck Information
Recommended User Action
Debug Port Information
Types of stop pessages
General Stop Messages
Stop Messages guring Installation
Stop Messages That Occur Only at Executive Initialization
Stop Messages Caused be Software Traps
Troubleshooting Stop Messages
Generic Troubleshooting Procedures
Troubleshooting Common Stop Messages
Stop 0x0000000A or IRQLNOTLESSOREQUAL
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x0000001E or KMODEEXCEPTIONNOWHANDLED
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x00000024 or NTFSFILESYSTEM
IntelPreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x0000002E or DATABUSERROR
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x00000050 or PAGEFAULTINNONPAGEDAREA
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x00000077 or KERNELSTACKINPAGEERROR
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x00000079 or MISMATCHEDHAL
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x0000007A or KERNELDATAINPAGHERROR
Interpreting the gessage
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLEBOOTDEVICE
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0x0000007F or UNEXPECTEDKERNELMODETRAP
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0xC00002lA or STATUSSYSTEMPROCESSWERMINATEDI
Interpreting the Message
Resolving the Problem
Stop 0xC0000221 or STATUSIMAGHCHECKSUMMISMATCH
Resolving the Problem
Hardware Malfunction Messages
Additional Resources
Gossary
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