List of Translators
Foreword to the English Version
List of Authors
Preface to the Series
Foreword to the Chinese Version
Chapter 1 Overview of Ancient Chinese Glass Research Fuxi Gan
1.1Overview of domestic ancient glass research and historical records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2Western research and commentary on ancient Chinese glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3 Status and progress of research of ancient Chinese glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
References
Chapter 2 Nature and Characteristics of Glassy Materials 27 Fuxi Gan
2.1 Crystalline and non-crystalline material, jade gemstone and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Macroscopic property and microstructural characteristics of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Crystallization and phase separation in glass . . . . . 34
2.4 Coloration of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 3 Development of Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques and Their Applications in Ancient Chinese Glass Research 45 Fuxi Gan
3.1 LRS and AES analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XFS) analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Trace element and isotope analysis . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4 Application of non-destructive analytical method (an example) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 4 Scientific Research on Natural Glass 75 Hongxia Zhao, Fuxi Gan and Zhenqi Xu
4.1 Experimental sample and method . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2 Difference in natural glass texture . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3 pXRF experimental result of natural glass . . . . . . 81
4.4 Characteristics of volcanic glass (obsidian) . . . . . . 82
4.5 Characteristics of meteorite glass (glassy meteorite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.6 Libyan Desert Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 5 Scientific Research of Ancient Chinese Faience 91 Junqing Dong, Dejun Hou and Fuxi Gan
5.1 Archaeological discovery of early faience . . . . . . . 92
5.2 Archaeological discoveries of faience and frit of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3 Scientific study of faience of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period 104
5.4 Possible fluxing agents, colorants and manufacturing processes of ancient Chinese faience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chapter 6 Ancient Glass Technology Development in the Western World 133 Fuxi Gan
6.1 Glass in the Ancient World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.2 Glass of the Classical Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.3 Glass in the Medieval period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.4 Glass of the renaissance and the 17th–19th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Chapter 7 Ancient Glass Technology Development in the Eastern World 179 Fuxi Gan
7.1 Ancient glass in the Indian region . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.2 Ancient glass in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3 Ancient glass in Korean Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.4 Ancient glass in Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5 Ancient glass in Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Chapter 8 Historical Records of Ancient Chinese Glass 201 Zhenfa Huang
8.1 Name of ancient Chinese glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.2 Historical records of ancient glass exchanges between China and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.3 Generation of ancient Chinese glass manufacturing technology and composition formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Chapter 9 Glass Technology of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China 235 Dejun Hou
9.1 Glass manufacturing technology in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period . . . . . 236
9.2 Glass manufacturing technology in the Han Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 10 Glass Technology of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China 309 Jiayao An
10.1 People’s understanding of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.2 Archaeological discovery of Roman glass . . . . . . . 313
10.3 Archaeological discovery of Sasanian glass . . . . . . 322
10.4 Introduction of Indian glass beads with Buddhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
10.5 Western glass discovered in Xinjiang . . . . . . . . . 336
10.6 China’s domestic glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Chapter 11 Glass Technology of the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China 353 Zhenfa Huang
11.1 Ancient glass in the Sui and Tang Dynasties . . . . . 353
11.2 Ancient glasses in the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Chapter 12 Ancient Glass Technology of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China 395 Weiyong Zhang
12.1 Glass manufacturing in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
12.2 Glass factory of the Manufacturing Office of Internal Affairs Department in the Court of the Qing Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
12.3 Glass manufacturing industry in Boshan . . . . . . . 435
12.4 Other places of origin of China’s glass in the Qing Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chapter 13 Ancient Glass Technology in North and Northwest China 465 Ping Zhang
13.1 Ancient glass in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
13.2 Ancient glass in Gansu Province . . . . . . . . . . . 484
13.3 Ancient glass in Qinghai Province . . . . . . . . . . . 487
13.4 Ancient glass in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
13.5 Ancient glass in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Chapter 14 Ancient Glass Technology in South and Southwest China 509 Qishan Huang
14.1 Ancient glass of the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
14.2 Ancient glass in the Han Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . 526
14.3 Ancient glass from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
14.4 Manufacturing technology of ancient glass . . . . . . 547
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Chapter 15 Formation and Development of Ancient Chinese High Temperature Porcelain Glaze Technology 559 Jiazhi Li and Juan Wu
15.1 Before the late Xia and early Shang Dynasties: The gestation stage of glaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
15.2 In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The formation stage of glaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
15.3 From the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties: The mature stage of glaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
15.4 From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty: The development stage of glaze . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Chapter 16 Scientific Research on the Earliest Chinese Low-Temperature Lead-Barium Glazed Ceramics 587 Junqing Dong, Song Liu, Xiaowei Xia and Qinghui Li
16.1 Brief survey of low-temperature glazed ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
16.2 Samples and experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . 588
16.3 Analysis results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Chapter 17 Evolution of Ancient Glass Composition and Origin of Glass Manufacturing Technology in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China 607 Fuxi Gan
17.1 Alkali–lime–silicate glass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China in the Pre-Qin Period . . . . . . . . . 608
17.2 Lead barium silicate glass and potash-silicate glass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China in the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty . . . . . 617
17.3 High-lead silicate glass and potassium lead silicate glass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China in the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties . . . . . . . . . 623
17.4 Potassium calcium silicate glass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River of China in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Chapter 18 Cultural and Technical Exchanges of Ancient Chinese Glass between China and Foreign Countries 633 Fuxi Gan
18.1 Development process and chemical composition characteristics of the ancient glass in northwest and north China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
18.2 Development process and chemical composition characteristics of the ancient glass in southwest and south China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
18.3 Ancient Silk Road and the exchange in ancient glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
18.4 Promotion of the ancient Silk Road to the development and exchange of glass technology in ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Appendix Experimental Results of the Chemical Composition of Ancient Chinese Glass by Means of Non-Destructive Analysis 689 Song Liu
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